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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holdin...
PloS one2016; 11(6); e0158080; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158080

Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia.

Abstract: This study evaluated the breathing pattern and distribution of ventilation in horses prior to and following recovery from general anaesthesia using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Six horses were anaesthetised for 6 hours in dorsal recumbency. Arterial blood gas and EIT measurements were performed 24 hours before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after horses stood following anaesthesia. At each time point 4 representative spontaneous breaths were analysed. The percentage of the total breath length during which impedance remained greater than 50% of the maximum inspiratory impedance change (breath holding), the fraction of total tidal ventilation within each of four stacked regions of interest (ROI) (distribution of ventilation) and the filling time and inflation period of seven ROI evenly distributed over the dorso-ventral height of the lungs were calculated. Mixed effects multi-linear regression and linear regression were used and significance was set at p<0.05. All horses demonstrated inspiratory breath holding until 5 hours after standing. No change from baseline was seen for the distribution of ventilation during inspiration. Filling time and inflation period were more rapid and shorter in ventral and slower and longer in most dorsal ROI compared to baseline, respectively. In a mixed effects multi-linear regression, breath holding was significantly correlated with PaCO2 in both the univariate and multivariate regression. Following recovery from anaesthesia, horses showed inspiratory breath holding during which gas redistributed from ventral into dorsal regions of the lungs. This suggests auto-recruitment of lung tissue which would have been dependent and likely atelectic during anaesthesia.
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Publication Date: 2016-06-22 PubMed ID: 27331910PubMed Central: PMC4917253DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158080Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research at hand discusses an investigation into the lung recruitment of horses following the recovery from general anaesthesia, which was examined through changes in breathing patterns and ventilation distribution.

Overview of the Research Methodology

  • The research utilized electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to examine how the breathing pattern and distribution of ventilation in horses changed before and after recovery from general anaesthesia.
  • The experiment involved six horses which were subjected to general anesthesia for six hours while they lay on their backs – in what is medically referred to as “dorsal recumbency”.
  • Arterial blood gas measurements were taken and EIT assessments were done 24 hours prior to the anaesthesia as baseline and repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after the horses stood up post-anaesthesia.
  • At each measurement point, 4 unforced breaths by each horse were specifically analyzed.
  • Scientists analysed the breath holding, which is the percentage of the total breath time when impedance remained greater than half of the maximum inspiratory impedance change.
  • Besides breath-holding, other features like the dispersion of ventilation within four regions of interest, the time taken to fill different sections of the lungs and the inflation period of seven regions of interest throughout the dorso-ventral height of the lungs were evaluated and compared to the baseline readings.
  • The research team employed mixed-effects multi-linear regression and linear regression tools for data analysis, while setting statistical significance at p<0.05.

Major Findings of the Research

  • The researchers found that all horses demonstrated inspiratory breath holding until 5 hours after standing from the anaesthesia.
  • The distribution of ventilation during inhalation did not change from the baseline readings, suggesting that the horses’ lungs were distributing air similarly before and after anaesthesia.
  • The inflation periods and filling times were observed to be quicker and shorter in the lower (ventral) regions of the lungs but slower and longer in most upper (dorsal) regions when compared to the baseline.
  • It was observed that breath holding was significantly influenced by PaCO2, a measurement of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, in both the stand-alone and multivariate regression analyses.
  • Overall, the research concluded that horses exhibited inspiratory breath-holding post-anaesthesia, during which gas was observed to shift from ventral to dorsal regions. This behavior indicates that there was a likely auto-recruitment of lung tissue that would have been compressed or collapsed (atelectic) during anaesthesia.

Cite This Article

APA
Mosing M, Waldmann AD, MacFarlane P, Iff S, Auer U, Bohm SH, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Bardell D. (2016). Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia. PLoS One, 11(6), e0158080. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158080

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: e0158080

Researcher Affiliations

Mosing, Martina
  • Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Waldmann, Andreas D
  • Swisstom AG, Landquart, Switzerland.
MacFarlane, Paul
  • Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Iff, Samuel
  • CTU Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Auer, Ulrike
  • Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Bohm, Stephan H
  • Swisstom AG, Landquart, Switzerland.
Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula
  • Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Bardell, David
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

MeSH Terms

  • Anesthesia Recovery Period
  • Anesthesia, General
  • Animals
  • Blood Gas Analysis
  • Breath Holding
  • Carbon Dioxide / analysis
  • Electric Impedance
  • Horses / physiology
  • Inhalation / physiology
  • Lung / physiology
  • Time Factors

Conflict of Interest Statement

Competing Interests: The research team at VetMedUni ZRH specified the special needs of a dedicated research EIT device for veterinary applications. Such device was finally built by and bought from Swisstom AG at cost price. ADW as EIT expert and SHB as EIT and mechanical ventilation expert were instrumental not only in the design of the physical device but also in the adaptation of the analysis software needed for this study. For this reason these coauthors have been intimately involved in planning, conduct and data analysis of this study as well as in the writing of this manuscript. Therefore, they deserve to be on the list of contributing authors. No conflict of interest became obvious during this intense cooperation and thus the following public statements towards the readers of PLOS ONE should suffice: SHB: Co-founder, employee and Chief Medical Officer of Swisstom AG, inventor of several EIT-related patents and patent applications owned by Swisstom AG and Timpel SA. ADW: Employee and research support engineer of Swisstom AG. This does not alter the authors\' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

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Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Wong AM, Lum HY, Musk GC, Hyndman TH, Waldmann AD, Monks DJ, Bowden RS, Mosing M. Electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetised chickens (Gallus domesticus). Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1202931.
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  2. Byrne DP, Keeshan B, Hosgood G, Adler A, Mosing M. Comparison of electrical impedance tomography and spirometry-based measures of airflow in healthy adult horses. Front Physiol 2023;14:1164646.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1164646pubmed: 37476683google scholar: lookup
  3. Brabant OA, Byrne DP, Sacks M, Moreno Martinez F, Raisis AL, Araos JB, Waldmann AD, Schramel JP, Ambrosio A, Hosgood G, Braun C, Auer U, Bleul U, Herteman N, Secombe CJ, Schoster A, Soares J, Beazley S, Meira C, Adler A, Mosing M. Thoracic Electrical Impedance Tomography-The 2022 Veterinary Consensus Statement. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:946911.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946911pubmed: 35937293google scholar: lookup
  4. Moreno-Martinez F, Byrne D, Raisis A, Waldmann AD, Hosgood G, Mosing M. Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:895268.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.895268pubmed: 35836499google scholar: lookup
  5. Kozłowska N, Wierzbicka M, Jasiński T, Domino M. Advances in the Diagnosis of Equine Respiratory Diseases: A Review of Novel Imaging and Functional Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 4;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12030381pubmed: 35158704google scholar: lookup
  6. Herteman N, Mosing M, Waldmann AD, Gerber V, Schoster A. Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2500-2510.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16260pubmed: 34505734google scholar: lookup
  7. Sacks M, Byrne DP, Herteman N, Secombe C, Adler A, Hosgood G, Raisis AL, Mosing M. Electrical impedance tomography to measure lung ventilation distribution in healthy horses and horses with left-sided cardiac volume overload. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2511-2523.
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  8. Secombe C, Adler A, Hosgood G, Raisis A, Mosing M. Can bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation in horses be detected using electrical impedance tomography?. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul;35(4):2035-2044.
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