FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2019; 9(11); 862; doi: 10.3390/ani9110862

Horses Categorize Human Emotions Cross-Modally Based on Facial Expression and Non-Verbal Vocalizations.

Abstract: Over the last few years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to gain more insight into the field of animal emotions. In particular, it is of interest to determine whether animals can cross-modally categorize the emotions of others. For domestic animals that share a close relationship with humans, we might wonder whether this cross-modal recognition of emotions extends to humans, as well. In this study, we tested whether horses could recognize human emotions and attribute the emotional valence of visual (facial expression) and vocal (non-verbal vocalization) stimuli to the same perceptual category. Two animated pictures of different facial expressions (anger and joy) were simultaneously presented to the horses, while a speaker played an emotional human non-verbal vocalization matching one of the two facial expressions. Horses looked at the picture that was incongruent with the vocalization more, probably because they were intrigued by the paradoxical combination. Moreover, horses reacted in accordance with the valence of the vocalization, both behaviorally and physiologically (heart rate). These results show that horses can cross-modally recognize human emotions and react emotionally to the emotional states of humans, assessed by non-verbal vocalizations.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-10-24 PubMed ID: 31653088PubMed Central: PMC6912773DOI: 10.3390/ani9110862Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research is focused on understanding whether horses can cross-modally categorize the emotions of humans based on facial expressions and non-verbal vocalizations.

Research Objective

The main objective of the study was to probe into the ability of horses to cross-modally recognize human emotions. In other words, the researchers sought to determine if horses can connect visual signals (human facial expressions) and auditory signals (human non-verbal vocalizations) to categorize emotions.

Study Methodology

  • Two distinct animated images representing anger and joy were presented to the horses simultaneously.
  • A speaker was used to present emotional human non-verbal vocalizations that matched one of the two facial expressions being displayed.
  • The researchers then analysed how the horses responded to the conflicting visual and auditory signals.

Key Findings

  • The researchers observed that horses paid more attention to the image that contradicted the vocalization. This was interpreted as the horses’ intrigue towards the inconsistent combination of the visual and auditory stimuli.
  • Additionally, it was established that the horses responded in a manner consistent with the emotional tone carried in the vocalization. This behavioral response was observed alongside physiological changes such as varying heart rates.

Implications of the Research

The results from this study provide compelling evidence that horses are indeed capable of cross-modal recognition of human emotions. This implies that horses not only perceive human facial expressions and non-verbal vocalizations but can also link them to identify the emotional state of a human. Besides contributing to our understanding of animal emotions, the study also highlights horses’ ability to emotionally engage with humans. Such discoveries can help improve horse-human interactions, particularly in therapy and equestrianism. The research may also pave the way for further studies on emotional cognition in different animal species.

Cite This Article

APA
Trösch M, Cuzol F, Parias C, Calandreau L, Nowak R, Lansade L. (2019). Horses Categorize Human Emotions Cross-Modally Based on Facial Expression and Non-Verbal Vocalizations. Animals (Basel), 9(11), 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110862

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 11
PII: 862

Researcher Affiliations

Trösch, Miléna
  • INRA, PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France. milena.trosch@gmail.com.
Cuzol, Florent
  • INRA, PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France. florent.cuzol@gmail.com.
Parias, Céline
  • INRA, PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France. celine.parias@inra.fr.
Calandreau, Ludovic
  • INRA, PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France. ludovic.calandreau@inra.fr.
Nowak, Raymond
  • INRA, PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France. raymond.nowak@inra.fr.
Lansade, Léa
  • INRA, PRC, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France. lea.lansade@inra.fr.

Grant Funding

  • Cognition-u00e9quitation / IFCE (Institut Franu00e7ais du Cheval et de l'Equitation)

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 47 references
  1. Waller BM, Micheletta J. Facial Expression in non-human animals. Emot. Rev. 2013;5:54–59.
    doi: 10.1177/1754073912451503google scholar: lookup
  2. Briefer EF. Vocal contagion of emotions in non-human animals.. Proc Biol Sci 2018 Feb 28;285(1873).
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2783pmc: PMC5832712pubmed: 29491174google scholar: lookup
  3. Kikusui T, Takigami S, Takeuchi Y, Mori Y. Alarm pheromone enhances stress-induced hyperthermia in rats.. Physiol Behav 2001 Jan;72(1-2):45-50.
    doi: 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00370-Xpubmed: 11239980google scholar: lookup
  4. Bredy TW, Barad M. Social modulation of associative fear learning by pheromone communication.. Learn Mem 2009 Jan;16(1):12-8.
    doi: 10.1101/lm.1226009pmc: PMC2632855pubmed: 19117912google scholar: lookup
  5. Špinka M. Social dimension of emotions and its implication for animal welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;138:170–181.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.005google scholar: lookup
  6. Waller BM, Whitehouse J, Micheletta J. Macaques can predict social outcomes from facial expressions.. Anim Cogn 2016 Sep;19(5):1031-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-016-0992-3pmc: PMC4967087pubmed: 27155662google scholar: lookup
  7. Parr LA, Heintz M. Facial expression recognition in rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta.. Anim Behav 2009 Jun;77(6):1507-1513.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.02.024pmc: PMC2836777pubmed: 20228886google scholar: lookup
  8. Micheletta J, Whitehouse J, Parr LA, Waller BM. Facial expression recognition in crested macaques (Macaca nigra).. Anim Cogn 2015 Jul;18(4):985-90.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-015-0867-zpubmed: 25821924google scholar: lookup
  9. Parr LA. The discrimination of faces and their emotional content by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003 Dec;1000:56-78.
    doi: 10.1196/annals.1280.005pubmed: 14766620google scholar: lookup
  10. Albuquerque N, Guo K, Wilkinson A, Savalli C, Otta E, Mills D. Dogs recognize dog and human emotions.. Biol Lett 2016 Jan;12(1):20150883.
    doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0883pmc: PMC4785927pubmed: 26763220google scholar: lookup
  11. Müller CA, Schmitt K, Barber AL, Huber L. Dogs can discriminate emotional expressions of human faces.. Curr Biol 2015 Mar 2;25(5):601-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.055pubmed: 25683806google scholar: lookup
  12. Siniscalchi M, d'Ingeo S, Fornelli S, Quaranta A. Lateralized behavior and cardiac activity of dogs in response to human emotional vocalizations.. Sci Rep 2018 Jan 8;8(1):77.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18417-4pmc: PMC5758824pubmed: 29311574google scholar: lookup
  13. Tate AJ, Fischer H, Leigh AE, Kendrick KM. Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence for face identity and face emotion processing in animals.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006 Dec 29;361(1476):2155-72.
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1937pmc: PMC1764842pubmed: 17118930google scholar: lookup
  14. Bellegarde LGA, Haskell MJ, Duvaux-Ponter C, Weiss A, Boissy A, Erhard HW. Face-based perception of emotions in dairy goats. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2017;193:51–59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.014google scholar: lookup
  15. Nawroth C, Albuquerque N, Savalli C, Single MS, McElligott AG. Goats prefer positive human emotional facial expressions.. R Soc Open Sci 2018 Aug;5(8):180491.
    doi: 10.1098/rsos.180491pmc: PMC6124102pubmed: 30225038google scholar: lookup
  16. Massaro DW, Egan PB. Perceiving affect from the voice and the face.. Psychon Bull Rev 1996 Jun;3(2):215-21.
    doi: 10.3758/BF03212421pubmed: 24213870google scholar: lookup
  17. Faragó T, Pongrácz P, Miklósi A, Huber L, Virányi Z, Range F. Dogs' expectation about signalers' body size by virtue of their growls.. PLoS One 2010 Dec 15;5(12):e15175.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015175pmc: PMC3002277pubmed: 21179521google scholar: lookup
  18. Bálint A, Faragó T, Dóka A, Miklósi Á, Pongrácz P. Beware, I am big and non-dangerous!—Playfully growling dogs are perceived larger than their actual size by their canine audience. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2013;148:128–137.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.013google scholar: lookup
  19. Ratcliffe VF, McComb K, Reby D. Cross-modal discrimination of human gender by domestic dogs. Anim. Behav. 2014;91:127–135.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.03.009google scholar: lookup
  20. Izumi A, Kojima S. Matching vocalizations to vocalizing faces in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).. Anim Cogn 2004 Jul;7(3):179-84.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-004-0212-4pubmed: 15015035google scholar: lookup
  21. Payne C, Bachevalier J. Crossmodal integration of conspecific vocalizations in rhesus macaques.. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e81825.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081825pmc: PMC3827461pubmed: 24236218google scholar: lookup
  22. Evans TA, Howell S, Westergaard GC. Auditory--visual cross-modal perception of communicative stimuli in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2005 Oct;31(4):399-406.
    doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.31.4.399pubmed: 16248726google scholar: lookup
  23. Turcsán B, Szánthó F, Miklósi Á, Kubinyi E. Fetching what the owner prefers? Dogs recognize disgust and happiness in human behaviour.. Anim Cogn 2015 Jan;18(1):83-94.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-014-0779-3pubmed: 24989132google scholar: lookup
  24. Trösch M, Ringhofer M, Yamamoto S, Lemarchand J, Parias C, Lormant F, Lansade L. Horses prefer to solicit a person who previously observed a food-hiding process to access this food: A possible indication of attentional state attribution.. Behav Processes 2019 Sep;166:103906.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103906pubmed: 31301426google scholar: lookup
  25. Ringhofer M, Yamamoto S. Domestic horses send signals to humans when they face with an unsolvable task.. Anim Cogn 2017 May;20(3):397-405.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-016-1056-4pubmed: 27885519google scholar: lookup
  26. Smith AV, Proops L, Grounds K, Wathan J, McComb K. Functionally relevant responses to human facial expressions of emotion in the domestic horse (Equus caballus).. Biol Lett 2016 Feb;12(2):20150907.
    doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0907pmc: PMC4780548pubmed: 26864784google scholar: lookup
  27. Catala A, Mang B, Wallis L, Huber L. Dogs demonstrate perspective taking based on geometrical gaze following in a Guesser-Knower task.. Anim Cogn 2017 Jul;20(4):581-589.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-017-1082-xpmc: PMC5486476pubmed: 28342160google scholar: lookup
  28. Chijiiwa H, Kuroshima H, Hori Y, Anderson JR, Fujita K. Dogs avoid people who behave negatively to their owner: Third-party affective evaluation. Anim. Behav. 2015;106:123–127.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.05.018google scholar: lookup
  29. Schuetz A, Farmer K, Krueger K. Social learning across species: horses (Equus caballus) learn from humans by observation.. Anim Cogn 2017 May;20(3):567-573.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-016-1060-8pubmed: 27866286google scholar: lookup
  30. Briefer EF, Mandel R, Maigrot AL, Briefer Freymond S, Bachmann I, Hillmann E. Perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies.. Front Zool 2017;14:8.
    doi: 10.1186/s12983-017-0193-1pmc: PMC5303229pubmed: 28203263google scholar: lookup
  31. Lansade L, Nowak R, Lainé AL, Leterrier C, Bonneau C, Parias C, Bertin A. Facial expression and oxytocin as possible markers of positive emotions in horses.. Sci Rep 2018 Oct 2;8(1):14680.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32993-zpmc: PMC6168541pubmed: 30279565google scholar: lookup
  32. Proops L, Grounds K, Smith AV, McComb K. Animals Remember Previous Facial Expressions that Specific Humans Have Exhibited.. Curr Biol 2018 May 7;28(9):1428-1432.e4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.035pubmed: 29706519google scholar: lookup
  33. Baba C, Kawai M, Takimoto-Inose A. Are Horses (Equus caballus) Sensitive to Human Emotional Cues?. Animals (Basel) 2019 Aug 29;9(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9090630pmc: PMC6770165pubmed: 31470656google scholar: lookup
  34. Wathan J, Proops L, Grounds K, McComb K. Horses discriminate between facial expressions of conspecifics.. Sci Rep 2016 Dec 20;6:38322.
    doi: 10.1038/srep38322pmc: PMC5171796pubmed: 27995958google scholar: lookup
  35. Smith AV, Proops L, Grounds K, Wathan J, Scott SK, McComb K. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) discriminate between negative and positive human nonverbal vocalisations.. Sci Rep 2018 Aug 29;8(1):13052.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30777-zpmc: PMC6115467pubmed: 30158532google scholar: lookup
  36. Nakamura K, Takimoto-Inose A, Hasegawa T. Cross-modal perception of human emotion in domestic horses (Equus caballus).. Sci Rep 2018 Jun 21;8(1):8660.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26892-6pmc: PMC6013457pubmed: 29930289google scholar: lookup
  37. Calvo MG, Fernández-Martín A, Recio G, Lundqvist D. Human Observers and Automated Assessment of Dynamic Emotional Facial Expressions: KDEF-dyn Database Validation.. Front Psychol 2018;9:2052.
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02052pmc: PMC6212581pubmed: 30416473google scholar: lookup
  38. Lima CF, Castro SL, Scott SK. When voices get emotional: a corpus of nonverbal vocalizations for research on emotion processing.. Behav Res Methods 2013 Dec;45(4):1234-45.
    doi: 10.3758/s13428-013-0324-3pubmed: 23444120google scholar: lookup
  39. Friard O, Gamba M. BORIS: A free, versatile open-source event-logging software for video/audio coding and live observations. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2016;7:1325–1330.
    doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12584google scholar: lookup
  40. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research.. J Chiropr Med 2016 Jun;15(2):155-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012pmc: PMC4913118pubmed: 27330520google scholar: lookup
  41. Lansade L, Bouissou MF, Erhard HW. Fearfulness in horses: A temperament trait stables across time and situations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;115:182–200.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.06.011google scholar: lookup
  42. Le Scolan N, Hausberger M, Wolff A. Stability over situations in temperamental traits of horses as revealed by experimental and scoring approaches.. Behav Processes 1997 Dec;41(3):257-66.
    doi: 10.1016/S0376-6357(97)00052-1pubmed: 24896858google scholar: lookup
  43. Seaman SC, Davidson HPB, Waran NK. How reliable is temperament assessment in the domestic horse (Equus caballus)?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;78:175–191.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00095-3google scholar: lookup
  44. Kuznetsova A., Brockhoff P.B., Christensen R.H.B. lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models. [(accessed on 23 October 2019)]; Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lmerTest.
  45. Proops L, McComb K. Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus) extends to familiar humans.. Proc Biol Sci 2012 Aug 22;279(1741):3131-8.
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0626pmc: PMC3385734pubmed: 22593108google scholar: lookup
  46. Lampe JF, Andre J. Cross-modal recognition of human individuals in domestic horses (Equus caballus).. Anim Cogn 2012 Jul;15(4):623-30.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-012-0490-1pubmed: 22526687google scholar: lookup
  47. Proops L, McComb K, Reby D. Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus).. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Jan 20;106(3):947-51.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809127105pmc: PMC2630083pubmed: 19075246google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 27 times.
  1. Jardat P, Destrez A, Damon F, Tanguy-Guillo N, Lainé AL, Parias C, Reigner F, Ferreira VHB, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Human emotional odours influence horses' behaviour and physiology. PLoS One 2026;21(1):e0337948.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0337948pubmed: 41533708google scholar: lookup
  2. Ricci-Bonot C, Brosche K, Baragli P, Nicol C. A systematic review on the effect of individual characteristics and management practices on equine cognition. Anim Cogn 2025 Nov 26;28(1):96.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-025-02016-2pubmed: 41296132google scholar: lookup
  3. Larrigaldie I, Damon F, Brimaud D, Lansade L, Schaal B, Destrez A. Behaviour of ewes and lambs in response to human emotional odours. Sci Rep 2025 Nov 24;15(1):45234.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29186-wpubmed: 41286085google scholar: lookup
  4. d'Ingeo S, Siniscalchi M, Quaranta A, Cousillas H, Hausberger M. Chronic State and Relationship to Humans Influence How Horses Decode Emotions in Human Voices: A Brain and Behavior Study. Animals (Basel) 2025 Nov 5;15(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15213217pubmed: 41227547google scholar: lookup
  5. Lepy C, Letranchant A, Aniorte JL, Bedos J, Hotchkin R, Corcos M, Robin M, Piot MA. Equine therapy in the management of teenagers with anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study. Eat Weight Disord 2025 Aug 16;30(1):66.
    doi: 10.1007/s40519-025-01724-5pubmed: 40817957google scholar: lookup
  6. Gusev E, Sarapultsev A, Komelkova M. Evolutionary Trajectories of Consciousness: From Biological Foundations to Technological Horizons. Brain Sci 2025 Jul 9;15(7).
    doi: 10.3390/brainsci15070734pubmed: 40722325google scholar: lookup
  7. Janczarek I, Gazda I, Barłowska J, Kurnik J, Łuszczyński J. Social Isolation of Horses vs. Support Provided by a Human. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 3;15(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15111649pubmed: 40509115google scholar: lookup
  8. Jardat P, Yamamoto S, Ringhofer M, Tanguy-Guillo N, Parias C, Reigner F, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Emotional contagion of fear and joy from humans to horses using a combination of facial and vocal cues. Sci Rep 2025 May 21;15(1):17689.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98794-3pubmed: 40399542google scholar: lookup
  9. Matlock SK, Singh A, Grandin T, Merritt T, Nett T, Reega SJ, Peters BC. Behavioral and physiological indicators of stress in horses during an equine-assisted learning program for youth with a history of trauma. Transl Anim Sci 2025;9:txaf027.
    doi: 10.1093/tas/txaf027pubmed: 40191691google scholar: lookup
  10. Hall C, Kay R. Living the good life? A systematic review of behavioural signs of affective state in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) and factors relating to quality of life. Part 2: Horse-human interactions. Anim Welf 2024;33:e41.
    doi: 10.1017/awf.2024.41pubmed: 39469043google scholar: lookup
  11. Tomberg C, Petagna M, de Selliers de Moranville LA. Spontaneous eye blinks in horses (Equus caballus) are modulated by attention. Sci Rep 2024 Aug 20;14(1):19336.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70141-ypubmed: 39164361google scholar: lookup
  12. Bordin C, Raspa F, Greppi M, Harris P, Ellis AD, Roggero A, Palestrini C, Cavallini D, Bergero D, Valle E. Pony feeding management: the role of morphology and hay feeding methods on intake rate, ingestive behaviors and mouth shaping. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1332207.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1332207pubmed: 38681853google scholar: lookup
  13. Pereira-Figueiredo I, Rosa I, Sancho Sanchez C. Forced Handling Decreases Emotionality but Does Not Improve Young Horses' Responses toward Humans and their Adaptability to Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024 Mar 2;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050784pubmed: 38473169google scholar: lookup
  14. Müller-Klein A, Braun MN, Ferreira de Sá DS, Michael T, Link-Dorner U, Lass-Hennemann J. A Relaxed Horse-A Relaxed Client? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Therapy Horses' Stress on Clients' Stress, Mood, and Anxiety. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 13;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040604pubmed: 38396572google scholar: lookup
  15. Jardat P, Liehrmann O, Reigner F, Parias C, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Horses discriminate between human facial and vocal expressions of sadness and joy. Anim Cogn 2023 Sep;26(5):1733-1742.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-023-01817-7pubmed: 37543956google scholar: lookup
  16. Wilson VAD, Bethell EJ, Nawroth C. The use of gaze to study cognition: limitations, solutions, and applications to animal welfare. Front Psychol 2023;14:1147278.
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1147278pubmed: 37205074google scholar: lookup
  17. de Mouzon C, Leboucher G. Multimodal Communication in the Human-Cat Relationship: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 3;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13091528pubmed: 37174564google scholar: lookup
  18. Gouyet C, Ringhofer M, Yamamoto S, Jardat P, Parias C, Reigner F, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Horses cross-modally recognize women and men. Sci Rep 2023 Mar 8;13(1):3864.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30830-6pubmed: 36890162google scholar: lookup
  19. Kappel S, Ramirez Montes De Oca MA, Collins S, Herborn K, Mendl M, Fureix C. Do you see what I see? Testing horses' ability to recognise real-life objects from 2D computer projections. Anim Cogn 2023 Jul;26(4):1147-1159.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-023-01761-6pubmed: 36864246google scholar: lookup
  20. Jardat P, Destrez A, Damon F, Menard-Peroy Z, Parias C, Barrière P, Keller M, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Horses discriminate human body odors between fear and joy contexts in a habituation-discrimination protocol. Sci Rep 2023 Feb 25;13(1):3285.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30119-8pubmed: 36841856google scholar: lookup
  21. Wiśniewska A, Janczarek I, Tkaczyk E, Wilk I, Janicka W, Próchniak T, Kaczmarek B, Pokora E, Łuszczyński J. Minimizing the Effects of Social Isolation of Horses by Contact with Animals of a Different Species: The Domestic Goat as an Example. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 2;12(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12172271pubmed: 36077991google scholar: lookup
  22. Jardat P, Ringhofer M, Yamamoto S, Gouyet C, Degrande R, Parias C, Reigner F, Calandreau L, Lansade L. Horses form cross-modal representations of adults and children. Anim Cogn 2023 Mar;26(2):369-377.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-022-01667-9pubmed: 35962844google scholar: lookup
  23. Maigrot AL, Hillmann E, Briefer EF. Cross-species discrimination of vocal expression of emotional valence by Equidae and Suidae. BMC Biol 2022 May 24;20(1):106.
    doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01311-5pubmed: 35606806google scholar: lookup
  24. Jardat P, Calandreau L, Ferreira V, Gouyet C, Parias C, Reigner F, Lansade L. Pet-directed speech improves horses' attention toward humans. Sci Rep 2022 Mar 11;12(1):4297.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08109-zpubmed: 35277552google scholar: lookup
  25. Pérez-Manrique A, Gomila A. Emotional contagion in nonhuman animals: A review. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2022 Jan;13(1):e1560.
    doi: 10.1002/wcs.1560pubmed: 33951303google scholar: lookup
  26. Hockenhull J, Bell C, White J, Rogers S. Response of UK Horse, Pony and Donkey Owners to the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 23;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051215pubmed: 33922408google scholar: lookup
  27. Lansade L, Colson V, Parias C, Reigner F, Bertin A, Calandreau L. Human Face Recognition in Horses: Data in Favor of a Holistic Process. Front Psychol 2020;11:575808.
    doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575808pubmed: 33041946google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.