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Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2022; 12; 932137; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137

Host and Species-Specificities of Pattern Recognition Receptors Upon Infection With Leptospira interrogans.

Abstract: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease affecting all vertebrates. It is caused by species of the genus Leptospira, among which are the highly pathogenic L. interrogans. Different mammals can be either resistant or susceptible to the disease which can present a large variety of symptoms. Humans are mostly asymptomatic after infection but can have in some cases symptoms varying from a flu-like syndrome to more severe forms such as Weil's disease, potentially leading to multiorgan failure and death. Similarly, cattle, pigs, and horses can suffer from acute forms of the disease, including morbidity, abortion, and uveitis. On the other hand, mice and rats are resistant to leptospirosis despite chronical colonization of the kidneys, excreting leptospires in urine and contributing to the transmission of the bacteria. To this date, the immune mechanisms that determine the severity of the infection and that confer susceptibility to leptospirosis remain enigmatic. To our interest, differential immune sensing of leptospires through the activation of or escape from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) has recently been described. In this review, we will summarize these findings that suggest that in various hosts, leptospires differentially escape recognition by some Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, including TLR4, TLR5, and NOD1, although TLR2 and NLRP3 responses are conserved independently of the host. Overall, we hypothesize that these innate immune mechanisms could play a role in determining host susceptibility to leptospirosis and suggest a central, yet complex, role for TLR4.
Copyright © 2022 Bonhomme and Werts.
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Publication Date: 2022-07-22 PubMed ID: 35937697PubMed Central: PMC9353586DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the role of innate immune mechanisms in differentiating host susceptibility to Leptospirosis, including the interactions between Leptospira interrogans and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). It suggests a potentially key role for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in this process.

Introduction to Leptospirosis

  • Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting all vertebrates, caused by species of the genus Leptospira, particular the pathogenic strain Leptospira interrogans.
  • Various mammals exhibit different levels of resistance or susceptibility to Leptospirosis, with a range of symptoms from asymptomatic infections to severe conditions like Weil’s disease, which can lead to multiorgan failure and death. Particularly, humans are mostly asymptomatic but in some cases may exhibit symptoms similar to a flu-like syndrome.
  • The immune mechanisms that determine the infection severity and susceptibility to leptospirosis are currently not well understood.

Differential Immune Responses to Leptospirosis

  • Mice and rats have been noted to exhibit resistance to the disease, despite chronic colonization of their kidneys and excretion of leptospires, the bacteria that causes the disease, in their urine. This contributes to the transmission of the bacteria.
  • Livestock animals like cattle, pigs, and horses can suffer from acute forms of Leptospirosis, including symptoms such as morbidity, abortion, and uveitis.
  • Recent studies have highlighted the differential immune sensing of the bacteria through the activation or avoidance of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs).

Role of Specific Toll-Like and NOD-Like Receptors

  • Current findings suggest that, within a variety of hosts, leptospires may escape recognition by certain Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, including TLR4, TLR5, and NOD1.
  • However, response to TLR2 and NLRP3 seem to be conserved regardless of the host. This suggests that these two receptors play a role in the innate immune response to leptospirosis.
  • The research highlights a potentially central role for TLR4 in determining susceptibility to Leptospirosis, but acknowledges that this is a complex interaction and requires further examination.

Cite This Article

APA
Bonhomme D, Werts C. (2022). Host and Species-Specificities of Pattern Recognition Receptors Upon Infection With Leptospira interrogans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 12, 932137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137

Publication

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
ISSN: 2235-2988
NlmUniqueID: 101585359
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 932137

Researcher Affiliations

Bonhomme, Delphine
  • Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.
Werts, Catherine
  • Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Leptospira
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Leptospirosis / microbiology
  • Mammals
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Rats
  • Receptors, Pattern Recognition
  • Swine
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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