FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Parasitology research2023; 122(7); 1605-1619; doi: 10.1007/s00436-023-07862-y

Identification of infection by Leishmania spp. in wild and domestic animals in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis (2001-2021).

Abstract: Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. It generates different clinical manifestations in humans and animals, and it infects multiple hosts. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sandfly vectors. The main objective of this systematic review was to identify the host, or reservoir animal species, of Leishmania spp., with the exception of domestic dogs, that were recorded in Brazil. This review included identification of diagnostic methods, and the species of protozoan circulating in the country. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted across index journals. This study covered the period from 2001 to 2021, and 124 studies were selected. Eleven orders possible hosts were identified, including 229 mammalian species. Perissodactyla had the highest number of infected individuals (30.69%, 925/3014), with the highest occurrence in horses. In Brazil, the most commonly infected species were found to be: horses, domestic cats, rodents, and marsupials. Bats, that were infected by one or more protozoan species, were identified as potential reservoirs of Leishmania spp. Molecular tests were the most commonly used diagnostic methods (94 studies). Many studies have detected Leishmania spp. (n = 1422): Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (n = 705), Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (n = 319), and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (n = 141). Recognizing the species of animals involved in the epidemiology and biological cycle of the protozoan is important, as this allows for the identification of environmental biomarkers, knowledge of Leishmania species can improve the control zoonotic leishmaniasis.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-05-08 PubMed ID: 37154922PubMed Central: 87763DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07862-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Systematic Review
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is a systematic review identifying the host animal species for Leishmania infection in Brazil (excluding domestic dogs) from 2001 to 2021. The study outlines the diagnostic methods used, the species of Leeds protozoan circulating in the country, and the importance of recognizing the species of animals in the epidemiology and biological cycle of the protozoan.

Overview of the Research

  • The primary focus of the study was to identify the host species for Leishmania, a genus of protozoans that causes leishmaniasis, in Brazil. This disease can manifest clinically in both humans and animals, and can infect several hosts at once.
  • The study’s scope stretched over two decades from 2001 to 2021, during which time protocols for disease diagnosis and treatment evolved significantly.
  • The review included an examination of the diagnostic techniques employed, as well as the specific species of Leishmania found in Brazil.

Key Findings

  • The examination of 124 selected studies allowed for the identification of eleven orders of potential host species, adding up to 229 different mammalian species.
  • The Perissodactyla order (which includes horses) had the highest number of infected individuals. Horses, domestic cats, rodents, and marsupials were especially found to be susceptible to Leishmania infection.
  • Many studies have detected Leishmania spp., including the Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania amazonensis species.

Implications and Significance

  • Identifying these host species is crucial as it provides possible environmental biomarkers and enhances our understanding of the disease’s epidemiology and biological cycle.
  • The research underlines the importance of understanding the diversity of Leishmania species in Brazil, which can aid in the control of zoonotic leishmaniasis. Recognizing potential reservoirs and vectors can help to prevent the disease’s spread and institute effective control measures.

Cite This Article

APA
Ratzlaff FR, Osmari V, da Silva D, de Paula Vasconcellos JS, Pötter L, Fernandes FD, de Mello Filho JA, de Avila Botton S, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. (2023). Identification of infection by Leishmania spp. in wild and domestic animals in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis (2001-2021). Parasitol Res, 122(7), 1605-1619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07862-y

Publication

Parasitology research
ISSN: 1432-1955
NlmUniqueID: 8703571
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 122
Issue: 7
Pages: 1605-1619

Researcher Affiliations

Ratzlaff, Fabiana Raquel
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.
Osmari, Vanessa
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.
da Silva, Daniele
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.
de Paula Vasconcellos, Jaíne Soares
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.
Pötter, Luciana
  • Laboratório de Pastos e Suplementos, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.
Fernandes, Fagner D'ambroso
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil. fagner.fernandes@acad.ufsm.br.
  • Centro Universitário Ritter Dos Reis (UniRitter), Campus FAPA, Av. Manoel Elias, 2001 - Passo das Pedras, Porto Alegre, 91240-261, Brazil. fagner.fernandes@acad.ufsm.br.
de Mello Filho, José Américo
  • Laboratório de Análises Ambientais por Geoprocessamento (LAGEO), Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 44 J, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
de Avila Botton, Sônia
  • Laboratório de Saúde Única (LASUS), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 44, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
Vogel, Fernanda Silveira Flores
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.
Sangioni, Luís Antônio
  • Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, N°1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105900, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Animals, Domestic
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Disease Reservoirs / veterinary
  • Disease Reservoirs / parasitology
  • Leishmaniasis / diagnosis
  • Leishmaniasis / epidemiology
  • Leishmaniasis / veterinary
  • Leishmania infantum
  • Leishmania braziliensis
  • Marsupialia / parasitology
  • Rodentia / parasitology
  • Chiroptera
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / epidemiology

References

This article includes 104 references
  1. Achilles GR, Kautzmann RP, Chagas HDF, Pereira-Silva JW, Almeida JF, Fonseca FR, Ferreira da Silva MN, Pessoa FAC, Nava AFD, Ríos-Velásquez CM. Presence of trypanosomatids, with emphasis on Leishmania, in rodentia and didelphimorphia mammals of a rural settlement in the central amazon region. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 116.
    doi: 10.1590/0074-02760200427google scholar: lookup
  2. Afonso MM, Gomes AC, Meneses CR, Rangel EF. Studies on the feeding habits of Lutzomyia (N.) intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae), vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil.. Cad Saude Publica 2005 Nov-Dec;21(6):1816-20.
    doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2005000600030pubmed: 16410867google scholar: lookup
  3. Aguilar CM, Rangel EF, Deane LM. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is frequent in equines from an endemic area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1986 Oct-Dec;81(4):471-2.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761986000400015pubmed: 3613980google scholar: lookup
  4. Ahuir-Baraja AE, Ruiz MP, Garijo MM, Llobat L. Feline leishmaniosis: an emerging public health problem. Vet Scienc 8:173.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8090173google scholar: lookup
  5. Alencar LO, Chagas FSC, Silva MAG, Santos HD. Leishmaniose em Equinos do Município de Araguaína, Tocantins: Levantamento da Soroprevalência Através da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). DESAFIOS - Rev Interdiscip Univ Fed Tocantins 7:283–287.
    doi: 10.20873/uftsupl2020-8634google scholar: lookup
  6. Almeida JC, Melo RPB, Kim PCP, Guerra NR, Alves LC, Costa DF, Alves CJ, Porto WJN, Mota RA. Molecular and serological investigation of infectious diseases in captive and free-range crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous - Linnaeus, 1776) from northeastern Brazil.. Acta Parasitol 2018 Mar 26;63(1):184-189.
    doi: 10.1515/ap-2018-0021pubmed: 29351073google scholar: lookup
  7. Al-Soud WA, Rådström P. Purification and characterization of PCR-inhibitory components in blood cells.. J Clin Microbiol 2001 Feb;39(2):485-93.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.2.485-493.2001pubmed: 11158094pmc: 87763google scholar: lookup
  8. Araujo VAL, Boite MC, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Mixed infection in the anteater Tamandua tetradactyla (Mammalia: Pilosa) from Pará State, Brazil: Trypanosoma cruzi, T. rangeli and Leishmania Infantum. Parasitol 140:455–460.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182012001886google scholar: lookup
  9. Baneth G, Koutinas AF, Solano-Gallego L, Bourdeau P, Ferrer L. Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one.. Trends Parasitol 2008 Jul;24(7):324-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.04.001pubmed: 18514028google scholar: lookup
  10. Bañuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans.. Adv Parasitol 2007;64:1-109.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(06)64001-3pubmed: 17499100google scholar: lookup
  11. Basano SA, Camargo LMA. Leishmaniose tegumentar americana: histórico, epidemiologia e perspectivas de controle. Rev Bras Epidemiol 7:328–337.
    doi: 10.1590/S1415-790X2004000300010google scholar: lookup
  12. Batista JF, Neto FDCRM, Lopes KSPDP, Sato MO, Costa CHN, de Mendonça IL. Transmission of Leishmania infantum from cats to dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 29:1–11.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612020099google scholar: lookup
  13. Berenguer LKAR, Gomes CFCA, Nascimento JO, Bernardi JCM, Lima VFS, de Oliveira JB, Ramos CADN, Ramos RAN, Alves LC. Leishmania infantum Infection in a Domestic Cat: A Real Threat or an Occasional Finding?. Acta Parasitol 2021 Jun;66(2):673-676.
    doi: 10.1007/s11686-020-00294-zpubmed: 33044603google scholar: lookup
  14. Bern C, Courtenay O, Alvar J. Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 Feb 9;4(2):e599.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000599pubmed: 20161727pmc: 2817719google scholar: lookup
  15. Berzunza-Cruz M, Rodríguez-Moreno Á, Gutiérrez-Granados G, González-Salazar C, Stephens CR, Hidalgo-Mihart M, Marina CF, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Bailón-Martínez D, Balcells CD, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I. Leishmania (L.) mexicana infected bats in Mexico: novel potential reservoirs.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015 Jan;9(1):e0003438.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003438pubmed: 25629729pmc: 4309399google scholar: lookup
  16. Bezerra JAB, Oliveira IVPM, Yamakawa AC, Nilsson MG, Tomaz KLR, Oliveira KDS, Rocha CSD, Calabuig CIP, Fornazari F, Langoni H, Antunes JMAP. Serological and molecular investigation of Leishmania spp. infection in cats from an area endemic for canine and human leishmaniasis in Northeast Brazil.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019 Oct-Dec;28(4):790-796.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612019082pubmed: 31691733google scholar: lookup
  17. Brandão EMV, Xavier SCC, Rocha FL, Lima CFM, Candeias ÍZ, Lemos FG, Azevedo FC, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Wild and domestic canids and their interactions in the transmission cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in an area of the Brazilian Cerrado. Pathogens 9:1–19.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100818google scholar: lookup
  18. Brandão-Filho SP, de Carvalho FG, de Brito ME, Almeida Fde A, Nascimento LA. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pernambuco, Brazil: eco-epidemiological aspects in 'Zona da Mata' region.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1994 Jul-Sep;89(3):445-9.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761994000300028pubmed: 7476230google scholar: lookup
  19. Brandão-Filho SP, Brito ME, Carvalho FG, Ishikawa EA, Cupolillo E, Floeter-Winter L, Shaw JJ. Wild and synanthropic hosts of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis locality of Amaraji, Pernambuco State, Brazil.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003 May-Jun;97(3):291-6.
    doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90146-5pubmed: 15228244google scholar: lookup
  20. Brasil (2005) Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Guia de vigilância epidemiológica. - 6. ed.- Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. Available at http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/Guia_Vig_Epid_novo2.pdf . Accessed 02 Nov 2022
  21. Brasil (2014) Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de Vigilância e controle da leishmaniose visceral/ Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica – 1. Ed., 5 reimpr. – Brasilia: ministério da Saúde. 120 p
  22. Brasil (2016) Ministério da saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Manual de Vigilância, prevenção e controle de zoonoses: normas técnicas e operacionais. Brasília: Ministério da saúde. 121 p
  23. Brazil RP, Desterro MD, Nascimento SB, Macau RP. [Natural infection of a pig (Sus scrofa) by Leishmania in a recent focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis on the Island of São Luis, Maranhão].. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jan-Mar;82(1):145.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761987000100025pubmed: 3507563google scholar: lookup
  24. Caldart ET, Freire RL, Ferreira FP, Ruffolo BB, Mareze M, Navarro IT. Leishmania in synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus): new evidence for the urbanization of Leishmania. Braz J Vet Parasitol 26:17–27.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612017001google scholar: lookup
  25. Campbell-Lendrum D, Dujardin JP, Martinez E, Feliciangeli MD, Perez JE, Silans LN, Desjeux P. Domestic and peridomestic transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: changing epidemiological patterns present new control opportunities.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001 Feb;96(2):159-62.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762001000200004pubmed: 11285490google scholar: lookup
  26. Cândido SL, Pavelegini LAD, Pacheco TDA, Pacheco RC, Silva VLB, Morgado TO, Colodel EM, Nakazato L, Almeida ADBPF, Dutra V. Molecular detection of trypanosomatids in neotropical primates in the state of Mato Grosso, Midwest, Brazil.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2021;30(2):e001321.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612021041pubmed: 34076047google scholar: lookup
  27. Cardoso RM, Araújo NNSL, Romero GAS, Souza TTCM, Dietrich AG, Mendes JD, Reis ML, Ferreira JBC, Hecht MM, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Expanding the knowledge about Leishmania species in wild mammals and dogs in the Brazilian savannah. Parasit Vectors 8:1–8.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0780-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  28. Carneiro LA, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Lima LVDR, Ramos PKS, Campos MB, Silveira FT. First report on feline leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Amazonian Brazil.. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020 Jan;19:100360.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100360pubmed: 32057387google scholar: lookup
  29. Cássia-Pires R, Boité MC, D’Andrea PS, Herrera HM, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Distinct Leishmania species infecting wild caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) from Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003389google scholar: lookup
  30. Chagas E, Cunha AM, Ferreira LC, Deane L, Deane G, Guimarães FN, Paumgartten MJ, Sá B. Leishmaniose visceral americana: relatório dos trabalhos realizados pela Comissão Encarregada do Estudo da Leishmaniose Visceral Americana em 1937. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 33:89–229.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761938000100010google scholar: lookup
  31. Conceição-Silva F, Alves CR. Leishmanioses do Continente Americano. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Fiocruz; 512 p.
  32. Costa-Val AP, Coura FM, Barbieri JM, Diniz L, Sampaio A, Reis JKP, Bueno BL, Gontijo CMF. Serological study of feline leishmaniasis and molecular detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in cats (Felis catus). Braz J Vet Parasitol 29(2):e003520.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612020023google scholar: lookup
  33. Escobar TA, Dowich G, Dos Santos TP, Zuravski L, Duarte CA, Lübeck I, Manfredini V. Assessment of Leishmania infantum infection in equine populations in a canine visceral leishmaniosis transmission area.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 30;15(1):381.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2108-1pubmed: 31666069pmc: 6821015google scholar: lookup
  34. Evers F, Ferreira FP, Navarro IT, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Pagliari S, Monica TC, Nino BSL, Freire RL. Presence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in slaughter horses in Brazil. Semin Cienc Agrar 38(6):3921–3926.
    doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3921google scholar: lookup
  35. Ferreira PRB, Larangeira DF, Oliveira LS, Malta MCC, Gomes MC, Bastos BL, Portela RW, Barrouin-Melo SM. Teste de ELISA indireto para diagnóstico sorológico de leishmaniose visceral em canídeos silvestres. Pesq Vet Bras 33(4):528–534.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2013000400018google scholar: lookup
  36. Ferro C, Morrison AC, Torres M, Pardo R, Wilson ML, Tesh RB. Age structure, blood-feeding behavior, and Leishmania chagasi infection in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia.. J Med Entomol 1995 Sep;32(5):618-29.
    doi: 10.1093/jmedent/32.5.618pubmed: 7473616google scholar: lookup
  37. Fornazari F, Langoni H. Principais zoonoses em mamíferos selvagens. Vet Zootec 10–24.
  38. Gómez-Hernández C, Bento EC, Rezende-Oliveira K, Nascentes GAN, Barbosa CG, Batista LR, Tiburcio MGS, Pedrosa AL, Lages-Silva E, Ramírez JD, Ramirez LE. Leishmania infection in bats from a non-endemic region of Leishmaniasis in Brazil. Parasitol 144(14):1980–1986.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182017001500google scholar: lookup
  39. Gontijo B, de Carvalho Mde L. [American cutaneous leishmaniasis].. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003 Jan-Feb;36(1):71-80.
    doi: 10.1590/S0037-86822003000100011pubmed: 12715066google scholar: lookup
  40. Grimaldi G Jr, Tesh RB. Leishmaniases of the New World: current concepts and implications for future research.. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993 Jul;6(3):230-50.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.6.3.230pubmed: 8358705pmc: 358284google scholar: lookup
  41. Hong A, Zampieri RA, Shaw JJ, Floeter-Winter LM, Laranjeira-Silva MF. One health approach to Leishmaniases: understanding the disease dynamics through diagnostic tools. Pathog 9(10):809.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100809google scholar: lookup
  42. Humberg RM, Oshiro ET, Cruz Mdo S, Ribolla PE, Alonso DP, Ferreira AM, Bonamigo RA, Tasso N Jr, de Oliveira AG. Leishmania chagasi in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) in an urban area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Sep;87(3):470-2.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0534pubmed: 22802435pmc: 3435349google scholar: lookup
  43. IBGE (2013) BIGS— Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2013 [internet]. Result of the Census Data—2013. Avaible at https://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/camaras-setoriais-tematicas/documentos/camaras-tematicas/insumos-agropecuarios/anosanterior/ibge-populacao-de-animais-de-estimacao-no-brasil-2013-abinpet-79.pdf/view> . Accessed 07 July 2021
  44. Jones G, Teeling EC. The evolution of echolocation in bats.. Trends Ecol Evol 2006 Mar;21(3):149-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.001pubmed: 16701491google scholar: lookup
  45. Khosravi S, Hejazi SH, Hashemzadeh M, Eslami G, Darani HY. Molecular diagnosis of Old World leishmaniasis: real-time PCR based on tryparedoxin peroxidase gene for the detection and identification of Leishmania spp.. J Vector Borne Dis 2012 Mar;49(1):15-8.
    pubmed: 22585237
  46. Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W, Schönian G. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis.. Microbes Infect 2007 Mar;9(3):334-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.12.009pubmed: 17307010google scholar: lookup
  47. Lainson R, Shaw JJ. Evolution, classification and geographical distribution. In: Peters W, Killick-Kendrick R (eds) The leishmaniases in biology and medicine. Academic Press, London, vol I, 12–120.
  48. Lampo M, Feliciangeli MD, Márquez LM, Bastidas C, Lau P. A possible role of bats as a blood source for the Leishmania vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000 Jun;62(6):718-9.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.718pubmed: 11304062google scholar: lookup
  49. Lopes EG, Sevá AP, Ferreira F, Nunes CM, Keid LB, Hiramoto RM, Ferreira HL, Oliveira TMFS, Bigotto MFD, Galvis-Ovallos F, Galati EAB, Soares RM. Serological and molecular diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic area: one out of five seronegative dogs are infected.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Sep;145(12):2436-2444.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268817001443pubmed: 28726597pmc: 9148790google scholar: lookup
  50. Luppi MM, Malta MC, Silva TM, Silva FL, Motta RO, Miranda I, Ecco R, Santos RL. Visceral leishmaniasis in captive wild canids in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2008 Aug 1;155(1-2):146-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.024pubmed: 18556130google scholar: lookup
  51. Luz E, Giovannoni M, Borba AM. Infecção de Lutzomyia monticola por Leishmania enriettii. An Facul de Med Univ Fed do Paraná. Curitiba 9:121–128.
  52. Machado CJS, Silva EG, Vilani RM. Use of an instrument of controversial public health policy: euthanasia of dogs contaminated by leishmaniasis in Brazil. Saúde Soc 25(1):247–258.
    doi: 10.1590/S0104-12902016146918google scholar: lookup
  53. Maia C, Campino L. Can domestic cats be considered reservoir hosts of zoonotic leishmaniasis?. Trends Parasitol 2011 Aug;27(8):341-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.03.008pubmed: 21570915google scholar: lookup
  54. Malta MC, Tinoco HP, Xavier MN, Vieira AL, Costa EA, Santos RL. Naturally acquired visceral leishmaniasis in non-human primates in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Apr 19;169(1-2):193-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.016pubmed: 20056328google scholar: lookup
  55. Marfurt J, Nasereddin A, Niederwieser I, Jaffe CL, Beck HP, Felger I. Identification and differentiation of Leishmania species in clinical samples by PCR amplification of the miniexon sequence and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):3147-53.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.7.3147-3153.2003pubmed: 12843055pmc: 165364google scholar: lookup
  56. McFarlane R, Sleigh A, McMichael T. Synanthropy of wild mammals as a determinant of emerging infectious diseases in the Asian-Australasian region.. Ecohealth 2012 Mar;9(1):24-35.
    doi: 10.1007/s10393-012-0763-9pubmed: 22526750pmc: 7088064google scholar: lookup
  57. Medina H. Estudos sobre leishmaniose: I. Primeiros casos de leishmaniose espontânea observados em cobaios. Braz Arch Biol Technol 1:13–55.
    doi: 10.1590/s1516-89132001000500003google scholar: lookup
  58. Meneses CR, de Azevedo AC, da Costa SM, Costa WA, Rangel EF. Ecology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. J Vector Ecol 2002 Dec;27(2):207-14.
    pubmed: 12546456
  59. Mol JP, Soave SA, Turchetti AP, Pinheiro GR, Pessanha AT, Malta MC, Tinoco HP, Figueiredo LA, Gontijo NF, Paixão TA, Fujiwara RT, Santos RL. Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum from maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) to Lutzomyia longipalpis.. Vet Parasitol 2015 Sep 15;212(3-4):86-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.024pubmed: 26342623google scholar: lookup
  60. Moraes-Silva E, Antunes FR, Rodrigues MS, da Silva Julião F, Dias-Lima AG, Lemos-de-Sousa V, de Alcantara AC, Reis EA, Nakatani M, Badaró R, Reis MG, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Franke CR. Domestic swine in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area produce antibodies against multiple Leishmania infantum antigens but apparently resist to L. infantum infection.. Acta Trop 2006 May;98(2):176-82.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.04.002pubmed: 16730628google scholar: lookup
  61. de Morais RC, Gonçalves Sda C, Costa PL, da Silva KG, da Silva FJ, Silva RP, de Brito ME, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Detection of Leishmania infantum in animals and their ectoparasites by conventional PCR and real time PCR.. Exp Appl Acarol 2013 Apr;59(4):473-81.
    doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9611-4pubmed: 23132326google scholar: lookup
  62. de Morais RC, da Costa Oliveira CN, de Albuquerque Sda C, Mendonça Trajano Silva LA, Pessoa-E-Silva R, Alves da Cruz HL, de Brito ME, de Paiva Cavalcanti M. Real-time PCR for Leishmania species identification: Evaluation and comparison with classical techniques.. Exp Parasitol 2016 Jun;165:43-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.005pubmed: 26968776google scholar: lookup
  63. Moreira Júnior ED, Souza VMMD, Sreenivasan M, Lopes NL, Silva RBBD, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. Peridomestic risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in urban dwellings: new findings from a prospective study in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69(4):393–397.
  64. Morrison AC, Ferro C, Tesh RB. Host preferences of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis at an endemic focus of American visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 Jul;49(1):68-75.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.68pubmed: 8352394google scholar: lookup
  65. Ochsenreither S, Kuhls K, Schaar M, Presber W, Schönian G. Multilocus microsatellite typing as a new tool for discrimination of Leishmania infantum MON-1 strains.. J Clin Microbiol 2006 Feb;44(2):495-503.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.2.495-503.2006pubmed: 16455904pmc: 1392658google scholar: lookup
  66. Oliveira FS, Pirmez C, Pires MQ, Brazil RP, Pacheco RS. PCR-based diagnosis for detection of Leishmania in skin and blood of rodents from an endemic area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2005 May 15;129(3-4):219-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.01.005pubmed: 15845276google scholar: lookup
  67. Oliveira TM, Pereira VF, Benvenga GU, Martin MFA, Benassi JC, da Silva DT, Starke-Buzetti WA. Conjunctival swab PCR to detect Leishmania spp. in cats. Braz J Vet Parasitol 24:220–222.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612015016google scholar: lookup
  68. de Oliveira FM, Costa LH, de Barros TL, Ito PK, Colombo FA, de Carvalho C, Pedro WA, Queiroz LH, Nunes CM. First detection of Leishmania spp. DNA in Brazilian bats captured strictly in urban areas.. Acta Trop 2015 Oct;150:176-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.010pubmed: 26209107google scholar: lookup
  69. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Leishmanioses: informe epidemiológico das Américas. Num 10, dezembro de 2021. Washington, D.C.: OPAS.
  70. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.. Syst Rev 2021 Mar 29;10(1):89.
    doi: 10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4pubmed: 33781348pmc: 8008539google scholar: lookup
  71. Paranaiba LF, Pinheiro LJ, Torrecilhas AC, Macedo DH, Menezes-Neto A, Tafuri WL, Soares RP. Leishmania enriettii (Muniz & Medina, 1948): A highly diverse parasite is here to stay.. PLoS Pathog 2017 May;13(5):e1006303.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006303pubmed: 28542526pmc: 5444841google scholar: lookup
  72. Pedrassani D, Biolchi J, Gonçalves LR, Mendes NS, Zanatto DCS, Calchi AC, Machado RZ, André MR. Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in cats in Southern Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 28(4):632–643.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612019077google scholar: lookup
  73. Pennisi MG, Persichetti MF. Feline leishmaniosis: Is the cat a small dog?. Vet Parasitol 2018 Feb 15;251:131-137.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.012pubmed: 29426470pmc: 7130840google scholar: lookup
  74. Pita-Pereira D, Lins R, Oliveira MP, Lima RB, Pereira BA, Moreira OC, Brazil RP, Britto C. SYBR Green-based Real-Time PCR targeting kinetoplast DNA can be used to discriminate between the main etiologic agents of Brazilian cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Paras Vectors 12:5–1.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-15google scholar: lookup
  75. Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O. Transmission, reservoir host and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol 136(14):1915–1934.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182009991156google scholar: lookup
  76. Quintal AP, Ribeiro Ede S, Rodrigues FP, Rocha FS, Floeter-Winter LM, Nunes CM. Leishmania spp. in Didelphis albiventris and Micoureus paraguayanus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) of Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2011 Mar 10;176(2-3):112-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.011pubmed: 21144664google scholar: lookup
  77. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  78. Riboldi E, Carvalho F, Romão PRT, Barcellos RB, Bello GL, Ramos RR, de Oliveira RT, Júnior JPA, Rossetti ML, Dallegrave E. Molecular Method Confirms Canine Leishmania Infection Detected by Serological Methods in Non-Endemic Area of Brazil.. Korean J Parasitol 2018 Feb;56(1):11-19.
    doi: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.11pubmed: 29529845pmc: 5858662google scholar: lookup
  79. Sales KG, Costa PL, de Morais RC, Otranto D, Brandão-Filho SP, Cavalcanti Mde P, Dantas-Torres F. Identification of phlebotomine sand fly blood meals by real-time PCR.. Parasit Vectors 2015 Apr 16;8:230.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0840-3pubmed: 25889289pmc: 4410465google scholar: lookup
  80. Santiago ME, Vasconcelos RO, Fattori KR, Munari DP, Michelin Ade F, Lima VM. An investigation of Leishmania spp. in Didelphis spp. from urban and peri-urban areas in Bauru (São Paulo, Brazil).. Vet Parasitol 2007 Dec 25;150(4):283-90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.026pubmed: 17996372google scholar: lookup
  81. Santis B, Santos EGOB, Cupolillo E, Porrozzi R, Cavalcanti AS, Santos BN, Moura ST, Machado K, Chaves SAM. Characterization of Leishmania infantum species in dogs from the urban area of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Braz Soc Trop Med 44(6):771–773.
    doi: 10.1590/S0037-86822011000600022google scholar: lookup
  82. Dos Santos NS, de Pinho FA, Hlavac NRC, Nunes TL, Almeida NR, Solcà MS, Varjão BM, Portela RW, Rugani JN, Rêgo FD, Barrouin-Melo SM, Soares RP. Feline Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum: Parasite Sequencing, Seropositivity, and Clinical Characterization in an Endemic Area From Brazil.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:734916.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.734916pubmed: 34513979pmc: 8424124google scholar: lookup
  83. Savani ES, de Almeida MF, de Oliveira Camargo MC, D'Auria SR, Silva MM, de Oliveira ML, Sacramento D. Detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Brazilian bats.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Feb 26;168(1-2):5-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.019pubmed: 19939568google scholar: lookup
  84. Schallig HD, da Silva ES, van der Meide WF, Schoone GJ, Gontijo CM. Didelphis marsupialis (common opossum): a potential reservoir host for zoonotic leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil).. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007 Fall;7(3):387-93.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0651pubmed: 17767408google scholar: lookup
  85. Schönian G, Kuhls K, Mauricio IL. Molecular approaches for a better understanding of the epidemiology and population genetics of Leishmania. Parasitol 138:405–425.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182010001538google scholar: lookup
  86. da Silva SM, Rabelo PF, Gontijo Nde F, Ribeiro RR, Melo MN, Ribeiro VM, Michalick MS. First report of infection of Lutzomyia longipalpis by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum from a naturally infected cat of Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Nov 24;174(1-2):150-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.005pubmed: 20832944google scholar: lookup
  87. Silva EM, Alves LC, Guerra NR, Farias MPO, Oliveira ELR, Cunha RCSC, Ramos RAN, Porto WJN. Leishmania spp. in Didelphis spp. from northeastern Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 47(3):942–944.
  88. Silveira FT, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Braga RR, Ishikawa EE, Souza AA. [Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonia: isolation of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni from the rodent Agouti paca (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae), in the state of Pará, Brazil].. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Jan-Feb;33(1):18-22.
    doi: 10.1590/S0036-46651991000100004pubmed: 1843391google scholar: lookup
  89. Soares IR, Silva SO, Moreira FM, Prado LG, Fantini P, Maranhão Rde P, da Silva Filho JM, Melo MN, Palhares MS. First evidence of autochthonous cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in horse (Equus caballus) in the Americas and mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Nov 8;197(3-4):665-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.014pubmed: 23845306google scholar: lookup
  90. Soares MRA, Antunes JEL, de Mendonça IL, Lima RN, Costa CHN. Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva 1912 and Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus 1977, in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Brazil. Acta Trop 174:118–121.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.021google scholar: lookup
  91. Sobrino R, Ferroglio E, Oleaga A, Romano A, Millan J, Revilla M, Arnal MC, Trisciuoglio A, Gortázar C. Characterization of widespread canine leishmaniasis among wild carnivores from Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2008 Aug 17;155(3-4):198-203.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.003pubmed: 18579311google scholar: lookup
  92. Soccol VT, Castro EA, Reifur L, Teixeira VN, Lange RR, Luz E. Guinea pigs naturally infected by Leishmania enriettii: clinical analyses, parasite isolation and identification. Braz Arch Biol Technol 64:e21210095.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-4324-75years-2021210095google scholar: lookup
  93. Solano-Gallego L, Fernández-Bellon H, Morell P, Fondevila D, Alberola J, Ramis A, Ferrer L. Histological and immunohistochemical study of clinically normal skin of Leishmania infantum-infected dogs.. J Comp Pathol 2004 Jan;130(1):7-12.
    doi: 10.1016/s0021-9975(03)00063-xpubmed: 14693119google scholar: lookup
  94. Sousa KCM, Herrera HM, Domingos IH, Campos JBV, Santos IMC, Neves HH, Machado RZ, André MR. Serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania infantum and Neospora caninum in cats from an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 23(4):449–455.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612014078google scholar: lookup
  95. Sousa SAP, Santos HD, Carvalho CA, Machado AM, Oliveira LE, Ribeiro TMP, Carreira AG, Galvão SR, Minharro S, Dias FEF, Jayme VS. Acute visceral leishmaniasis in a domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) from the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Semin Cienc Agrar 40(4):1723–1730.
    doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n4p1723google scholar: lookup
  96. de Souza AI, Barros EM, Ishikawa E, Ilha IM, Marin GR, Nunes VL. Feline leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2005 Mar 10;128(1-2):41-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.020pubmed: 15725531google scholar: lookup
  97. Souza AI, Nunes VLB, Borralho VM, Ishikawa EAY. Domestic feline cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: a case report. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 15(2):359–365.
    doi: 10.1590/S1678-91992009000200017google scholar: lookup
  98. Vale ECS, Furtado T. Tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil: a historical review related to the origin, expansion and etiology. An Bras Dermatol 80(4):421–428.
    doi: 10.1590/S0365-05962005000400015google scholar: lookup
  99. Vedovello Filho D, Jorge FA, Lonardoni MV, Teodoro U, Silveira TG. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in horses from endemic areas in the north-central mesoregion of Paraná state, Brazil.. Zoonoses Public Health 2008 Apr;55(3):149-55.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01106.xpubmed: 18331518google scholar: lookup
  100. Vides JP, Schwardt TF, Sobrinho LS, Marinho M, Laurenti MD, Biondo AW, Leutenegger C, Marcondes M. Leishmania chagasi infection in cats with dermatologic lesions from an endemic area of visceral leishmaniosis in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2011 May 31;178(1-2):22-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.042pubmed: 21282011google scholar: lookup
  101. Vioti G, Leonel JAF, Lemes KM, Pereira VF, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Madureira EH, Soares RM, Benassi JC, Oliveira TMFS. Molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in cattle from Brazil by means of PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1. Braz J Vet Parasitol Vet 28(2):303–305.
    doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612019003google scholar: lookup
  102. WHO. Control of the leishmaniases: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases. WHO Press, Geneva, p 2010.
  103. WHO. Leishmaniasis. .
  104. WHO. Leishmaniasis Facksheet. .

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Haber GZ, da Costa LD, Costa EBM, Araújo RF, de Souza TN, Queiroz LDRL, Diniz BTN, Sousa Junior EC, Martis LC, Ramos PKS, Silveira FT. Specificity of Primers and Probes for Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in Dogs and Wild Animals. Pathogens 2025 Oct 21;14(10).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14101065pubmed: 41156675google scholar: lookup
  2. Dias ES, Michalsky ÉM, Rocha MFD, Pereira NCL, Saraiva L, Lara-Silva FO, Silva RAE, Fortes-Dias CL. Sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) species composition in an area with a recent American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis outbreak in Minas Gerais, Brazil. J Med Entomol 2026 Jan 20;63(1).
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjaf152pubmed: 41144367google scholar: lookup
  3. Pineda V, Calzada JE, Montilla S, Rodríguez I, Howard E, Torres AI, Vasquez V, Reina A, Saldaña A, González K. Molecular Detection of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and Leishmania (M.) martiniquensis Infecting Domestic Animals from Panama, Central America. Animals (Basel) 2025 Sep 12;15(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15182677pubmed: 41007920google scholar: lookup
  4. de França DA, Ribeiro BLD, Menozzi BD, Langoni H. Rabies virus, Bartonella koehlerae and Leishmania infantum coinfection in a black Myotis (Myotis nigricans) from southeastern Brazil. Vet Res Commun 2025 Apr 14;49(3):165.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10736-6pubmed: 40227349google scholar: lookup
  5. França DA, Langoni H. Prevalent zoonoses in Sao Paulo State, Brazil: the role of bats and molecular diagnosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2025;67:e17.
    doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946202567017pubmed: 40053003google scholar: lookup
  6. Costa EP, Samoel GVA, Rosa GD, Osmari V, Souza ML, Lopes LFD, Vogel FSF, Botton SA, Sangioni LA. Antibody dynamics in dogs submitted to different canine visceral leishmaniasis treatment protocols. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2025;34(1):e014824.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612025001pubmed: 39813458google scholar: lookup
  7. Rapello A, Andrade AJ, Nitz N, Minuzzi-Sousa TTC, Vital TE, Ferreira TS, Rocha DA, Obara MT, Timbó RV, Ferreira JBC, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Enzootic transmission of Leishmania spp. in gallery forests of the Brazilian Cerrado. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2024;33(4):e011624.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612024073pubmed: 39661812google scholar: lookup
  8. Tatto M, Fernandes FD, Costa EP, Shibuya FY, Freitas LI, Osmari V, Roman IJ, Bräunig P, Vogel FSF, Botton SA, Sangioni LA. Detection of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in poultry from central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023;32(4):e007723.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612023077pubmed: 38088684google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.