Identification of third stage larval types of cyathostomins of equids: An improved perspective.
Abstract: Cyathostomins comprise around 50 parasite species of equids, offering a great challenge regarding their individual identification. The objective of our work was to improve identification of infective third stage larvae (L3) with a morphological key supplemented with detailed scientific illustrations based on our research and available literature. The highlighted features were; the number, arrangement, and shape of intestinal cells (IC), general features and the total body length of the eight different Cyathostomin sensu latum types (Type A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H), Gyalocephalus capitatus, and Posteriostomum spp. Due to variability, we were unable to define final body length measurements to differentiate L3 of cyathostomins. However, IC characteristics displayed a higher difference between L3 types than total body length. Through the number and arrangement of IC, 14 species were classified within three larval types. The classification of L3 into distinct larval types sensu latum gives us the advantage of reducing the number of probable species presented in equine faecal samples using a low-cost technique when monitoring the parasite fauna present in individual horses or on the farm level. The present improved identification key shall increase the diagnostic capabilities of classical equine parasitology techniques, using general L3 morphology thereby pragmatically improving regional and transnational epidemiological and biodiversity studies. The present key may also assist in defining the cyathostomin community in cyathostominosis clinical cases and within drug resistant populations across different management systems and geographical locations.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2018-08-22 PubMed ID: 30197013DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.007Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This study aims to improve the identification of cyathostomin parasite larvae in horses with a detailed morphological key. The research also examines body length and intestinal cell features to construct a classification system for these parasites.
Introduction
- The authors of the research paper studied cyathostomin parasites, which consist of around 50 different species and commonly infect horses.
- The goal of this research was to enhance the current methods to identify cyathostomin infective third stage larvae (L3) effectively and in a cost-effective way.
Methodology
- The researchers examined these parasites’ larvae by focusing on specific features such as the number, arrangement, and shape of their intestinal cells, total body length, and the general features of each.
- Cyathostomin sensu latum types encompass eight different variants labeled from Type A to Type H. Other species like Gyalocephalus capitatus and Posteriostomum spp were also looked into.
Findings
- Initial findings showed that due to variability, they were unable to use body length measurements to distinguish L3 of cyathostomins.
- However, the characteristics of the intestinal cells (IC) showed a higher level of difference between L3 types than body length.
- The classification of L3 into specific larval types or categories sensu latum gave the researchers insight into simplifying the detection process of probable species present in horse fecal matter.
- Through this methodology, the researchers were able to classify 14 species via the number of IC and their arrangement.
Conclusion
- The study provides an improved identification key, which is expected to improve traditional horse parasitology diagnosis by focusing on overall L3 morphology.
- This new key could potentially enhance regional and cross-border epidemiological and biodiversity studies involving the cyathostomin parasite.
- Moreover, it could help in identifying the cyathostomin community in clinical cases and in drug resistant populations across various management systems and geographical locations.
Cite This Article
APA
Santos DW, Madeira de Carvalho LM, Molento MB.
(2018).
Identification of third stage larval types of cyathostomins of equids: An improved perspective.
Vet Parasitol, 260, 49-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.007 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, University of Parana, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP: 80.035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: daisywsantos@hotmail.com.
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: madeiradecarvalho@fmv.ulisboa.pt.
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, University of Parana, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP: 80.035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Nacional Institute of Science and Technology, INCT - Livestock, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, CEP. 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: molento@ufpr.br.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Feces / parasitology
- Horse Diseases / parasitology
- Horses / parasitology
- Larva / anatomy & histology
- Larva / classification
- Larva / growth & development
- Larva / physiology
- Medical Illustration
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / diagnosis
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / parasitology
- Strongyloidea / growth & development
- Strongyloidea / physiology
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Marchenko VA, Khalikov SS, Biryukov IV, Efremova EA, Ilyin MM, Sazmand A. Synthesis and Clinical Examination of Novel Formulations of Ivermectin, Albendazole and Niclosamide for the Treatment of Equine Gastrointestinal Helminthoses. Iran J Parasitol 2023 Jan-Mar;18(1):66-75.
- Amer MM, Desouky AY, Helmy NM, Abdou AM, Sorour SS. Identifying 3(rd) larval stages of common strongylid and non-strongylid nematodes (class: Nematoda) infecting Egyptian equines based on morphometric analysis. BMC Vet Res 2022 Dec 12;18(1):432.
- Mathewos M, Teshome D, Fesseha H. Study on Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Equines in and around Bekoji, South Eastern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022;2022:8210160.
- Jota Baptista C, Sós E, Madeira de Carvalho L. Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Przewalski Horses (Equus ferus przewalskii). Acta Parasitol 2021 Dec;66(4):1095-1101.
- Louro M, Kuzmina TA, Bredtmann CM, Diekmann I, de Carvalho LMM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. Genetic variability, cryptic species and phylogenetic relationship of six cyathostomin species based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Sci Rep 2021 Apr 15;11(1):8245.
- Zanet S, Battisti E, Labate F, Oberto F, Ferroglio E. Reduced Efficacy of Fenbendazole and Pyrantel Pamoate Treatments against Intestinal Nematodes of Stud and Performance Horses. Vet Sci 2021 Mar 5;8(3).
- Ramalho Sousa S, Anastácio S, Nóvoa M, Paz-Silva A, Madeira de Carvalho LM. Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Miranda Donkeys: Epidemiology and Selective Control of Strongyles Infection in the Northeast of Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 11;11(1).
- Maestrini M, Molento MB, Mancini S, Martini M, Angeletti FGS, Perrucci S. Intestinal Strongyle Genera in Different Typology of Donkey Farms in Tuscany, Central Italy. Vet Sci 2020 Dec 2;7(4).
- Flota-Burgos GJ, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Borges-Argáez R, Martínez-Ortiz-de-Montellano C, Gamboa-Angulo M. Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts and Active Compounds From Diospyros anisandra on Ancylostoma caninum, Haemonchus placei and Cyathostomins. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:565103.
- Molento MB, Dall'Anese J, Pontarolo DV, Brandão YO, Yoshitani UY. Reduction of egg reappearance period of cyathostomins in naturally infected horses after increasing doses of ivermectin in Brazil: a grim picture for sustainable parasite control. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2024;33(3):e003324.
- Diekmann I, Blazejak K, Krücken J, Strube C, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Comparison of morphological and molecular Strongylus spp. identification in equine larval cultures and first report of a patent Strongylus asini infection in a horse. Equine Vet J 2025 Mar;57(2):522-529.
- Buono F, Veneziano V, Veronesi F, Molento MB. Horse and donkey parasitology: differences and analogies for a correct diagnostic and management of major helminth infections. Parasitology 2023 Oct;150(12):1119-1138.
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