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Infection and immunity2010; 78(11); 4817-4827; doi: 10.1128/IAI.00751-10

Identification of three novel superantigen-encoding genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP.

Abstract: The acquisition of superantigen-encoding genes by Streptococcus pyogenes has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in humans, and the gain of four superantigens by Streptococcus equi is linked to the evolution of this host-restricted pathogen from an ancestral strain of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. A recent study determined that the culture supernatants of several S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains possessed mitogenic activity but lacked known superantigen-encoding genes. Here, we report the identification and activities of three novel superantigen-encoding genes. The products of szeF, szeN, and szeP share 59%, 49%, and 34% amino acid sequence identity with SPEH, SPEM, and SPEL, respectively. Recombinant SzeF, SzeN, and SzeP stimulated the proliferation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, in vitro. Although none of these superantigen genes were encoded within functional prophage elements, szeN and szeP were located next to a prophage remnant, suggesting that they were acquired by horizontal transfer. Eighty-one of 165 diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains screened, including 7 out of 15 isolates from cases of disease in humans, contained at least one of these new superantigen-encoding genes. The presence of szeN or szeP, but not szeF, was significantly associated with mitogenic activity in the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population (P < 0.000001, P < 0.000001, and P = 0.104, respectively). We conclude that horizontal transfer of these novel superantigens from and within the diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population is likely to have implications for veterinary and human disease.
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Publication Date: 2010-08-16 PubMed ID: 20713629PubMed Central: PMC2976332DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00751-10Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents the discovery of three new superantigen-encoding genes in the Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus bacteria. The study investigates and confirms their effects and suggests that horizontal transfer of these genes could impact both veterinary and human disease.

Identification and Activities of Novel Superantigen-Encoding Genes

  • The study identifies three new superantigen genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, named szeF, szeN, and szeP. These genes share significant sequence identity with known superantigen genes: specially, SPEH, SPEM, and SPEL.
  • Through in vitro experiments, the researchers determined that the recombinant products of these genes – SzeF, SzeN, and SzeP – can stimulate the proliferation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. They can also stimulate the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), both crucial components of the immune response.

Genetic Placement and Horizontal Transfer

  • Despite the superantigen activity, it was found that none of the identified genes is located within functional prophage elements. This suggests that they were not inherited through regular vertical transmission from parent to offspring.
  • Instead, the researchers observed that szeN and szeP are located near a remnant of a prophage, indicating that these genes were likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer – a process where genetic material is exchanged between different species, as opposed to being passed down from parent to offspring.

Prevalence and Association with Mitogenic Activity

  • The study further screened a diverse set of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains and found that over half of them contained at least one of the newly identified superantigen-encoding genes. This included strains isolated from human disease cases.
  • Statistical analyses showed that the presence of szeN or szeP, but not szeF, was significantly associated with mitogenic activity, which refers to the ability to induce cell division and growth. This further confirms their role as functional superantigens.

Implications for Veterinary and Human Disease

  • These findings lead to the conclusion that horizontal transfer of these novel superantigens is likely occurring within the diverse population of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and can potentially impact both veterinary and human health by increasing the morbidity and mortality associated with infections caused by these bacteria.

Cite This Article

APA
Paillot R, Darby AC, Robinson C, Wright NL, Steward KF, Anderson E, Webb K, Holden MT, Efstratiou A, Broughton K, Jolley KA, Priestnall SL, Marotti Campi MC, Hughes MA, Radford A, Erles K, Waller AS. (2010). Identification of three novel superantigen-encoding genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP. Infect Immun, 78(11), 4817-4827. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00751-10

Publication

Infection and immunity
ISSN: 1098-5522
NlmUniqueID: 0246127
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 78
Issue: 11
Pages: 4817-4827

Researcher Affiliations

Paillot, Romain
  • Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
Darby, Alistair C
    Robinson, Carl
      Wright, Nicola L
        Steward, Karen F
          Anderson, Emma
            Webb, Katy
              Holden, Matthew T G
                Efstratiou, Androulla
                  Broughton, Karen
                    Jolley, Keith A
                      Priestnall, Simon L
                        Marotti Campi, Maria C
                          Hughes, Margaret A
                            Radford, Alan
                              Erles, Kerstin
                                Waller, Andrew S

                                  MeSH Terms

                                  • Amino Acid Sequence
                                  • Animals
                                  • Cells, Cultured
                                  • DNA, Bacterial / analysis
                                  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
                                  • Dog Diseases / microbiology
                                  • Dogs
                                  • Gene Transfer, Horizontal
                                  • Genome, Bacterial
                                  • Horse Diseases / immunology
                                  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
                                  • Horses
                                  • Humans
                                  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / immunology
                                  • Lymphocyte Activation
                                  • Molecular Sequence Data
                                  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
                                  • Streptococcal Infections / immunology
                                  • Streptococcal Infections / microbiology
                                  • Streptococcal Infections / veterinary
                                  • Streptococcus equi / genetics
                                  • Streptococcus equi / immunology
                                  • Streptococcus equi / isolation & purification
                                  • Streptococcus equi / pathogenicity
                                  • Superantigens / genetics
                                  • Superantigens / immunology

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