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Veterinary microbiology2010; 149(1-2); 85-90; doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.019

Identification of two novel equine papillomavirus sequences suggests three genera in one cluster.

Abstract: The number of recognized papillomavirus (PV) species and potential PV genera has dramatically been increasing throughout the past decade. It seems that every host species might potentially harbour a large set of PVs, while the PVs of each species appear to belong to only a few genera. In horses at least three conditions beside the equine sarcoid have been described, being supposedly PV induced namely classical equine papillomas, genital papillomas and aural plaques. We were able to identify the DNA of novel equine PVs (EcPVs) in the two latter disorders where PV involvement had been predicted. Both PV genomes were entirely cloned and sequenced. Both EcPV genomes, one derived from a penile papilloma, the other derived from an ear papilloma contain the characteristic open reading frames (ORFs) E6, E7, E1, E2, L2 and L1, a large non-coding region between the late and early region as well as a small non-coding region between the early and the late region. The viruses were consequently designated as EcPV2 and EcPV3. The genomes of the three equine PVs were analysed and compared with each other and further PVs. Upon phylogenetic analyses the equine PVs group well together. Pairwise alignment of the L1 nucleotide sequences reveals that EcPV1 shares 54.9% identities with EcPV2 and 53.2% with EcPV3. EcPV2 and EcPV3 share 51.3% identities. As the three EcPVs share less than 60% of nucleotide identities in L1, they may be regarded as belonging to different genera.
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2010-11-04 PubMed ID: 21109367DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.019Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the discovery of two new types of equine papillomavirus (PV), suggesting that there could be three different types within one cluster. The investigators found the DNA of these viruses in horses with certain conditions previously believed to be caused by PV, such as genital papillomas and aural plaques.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers were able to identify the DNA of two new equine papillomaviruses (EcPVs) in conditions where PV involvement was predicted. One PV genome was derived from a penile papilloma and the other from an ear papilloma.
  • Both EcPV genomes were cloned and sequenced. Analysis showed they contained characteristic ‘open reading frames’ (ORFs) E6, E7, E1, E2, L2, and L1, and large and small non-coding regions.
  • Knowing these characteristic factors allowed the researchers to label the two new viruses as EcPV2 and EcPV3.

Results and Analysis

  • The researchers examined the genomes of the three equine PVs (the two new ones and an existing one, EcPV1) and compared them with each other and other PVs.
  • The research shows that the three equine papillomaviruses group together well upon phylogenetic analysis, indicating that they are closely related.
  • The researchers conducted a pairwise alignment of the L1 nucleotide sequences. The results revealed that EcPV1 shares 54.9% identities with EcPV2 and 53.2% with EcPV3. EcPV2 and EcPV3 share 51.3% identities.

Conclusion

  • The research argues that because the three EcPVs share less than 60% of nucleotide identities in L1, they could be regarded as belonging to different genera, suggesting the existence of multiple papillomavirus types within one cluster in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Lange CE, Tobler K, Ackermann M, Favrot C. (2010). Identification of two novel equine papillomavirus sequences suggests three genera in one cluster. Vet Microbiol, 149(1-2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.019

Publication

Veterinary microbiology
ISSN: 1873-2542
NlmUniqueID: 7705469
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 149
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 85-90

Researcher Affiliations

Lange, Christian E
  • Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. clange@vetclinics.uzh.ch
Tobler, Kurt
    Ackermann, Mathias
      Favrot, Claude

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Cluster Analysis
        • DNA, Viral / genetics
        • Genome, Viral
        • Horse Diseases / virology
        • Horses / virology
        • Male
        • Open Reading Frames
        • Papilloma / veterinary
        • Papilloma / virology
        • Papillomaviridae / classification
        • Papillomaviridae / genetics
        • Papillomaviridae / isolation & purification
        • Phylogeny
        • Sequence Analysis, DNA

        Citations

        This article has been cited 9 times.
        1. Strohmayer C, Klang A, Kummer S, Walter I, Jindra C, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Redmer T, Kneissl S, Brandt S. Tumor Cell Plasticity in Equine Papillomavirus-Positive Versus-Negative Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Pathogens 2022 Feb 18;11(2).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020266pubmed: 35215208google scholar: lookup
        2. Munday JS, Hardcastle MR, Sim M. Detection of a Putative Novel Papillomavirus Type within a Large Exophytic Papilloma on the Fetlock of a Horse. Pathogens 2020 Oct 5;9(10).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100816pubmed: 33027924google scholar: lookup
        3. Ramsauer AS, Wachoski-Dark GL, Fraefel C, Tobler K, Brandt S, Knight CG, Favrot C, Grest P. Paving the way for more precise diagnosis of EcPV2-associated equine penile lesions. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 22;15(1):356.
          doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2097-0pubmed: 31640696google scholar: lookup
        4. Li CX, Chang WS, Mitsakos K, Rodger J, Holmes EC, Hudson BJ. Identification of a Novel Equine Papillomavirus in Semen from a Thoroughbred Stallion with a Penile Lesion. Viruses 2019 Aug 4;11(8).
          doi: 10.3390/v11080713pubmed: 31382657google scholar: lookup
        5. Mira J, Herman M, Zakia LS, Olivo G, Araújo JP Jr, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP. Frequency of Equus caballus papillomavirus in equine aural plaques. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 Jul;30(4):565-568.
          doi: 10.1177/1040638717753495pubmed: 29601778google scholar: lookup
        6. Dong J, Zhu W, Yamashita N, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kuwano A, Haga T. Isolation of equine papillomavirus type 1 from racing horse in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Dec 6;79(12):1957-1959.
          doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0322pubmed: 28993549google scholar: lookup
        7. Rojas-Anaya E, Cantú-Covarrubias A, Álvarez JF, Loza-Rubio E. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus in cutaneous warts in cattle in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Can J Vet Res 2016 Oct;80(4):262-268.
          pubmed: 27733780
        8. Al-Hammadi MA. First report on equine papillomavirus type 1 in Arabian horses in Saudi Arabia: Clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization. Open Vet J 2025 Apr;15(4):1798-1802.
          doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.32pubmed: 40453856google scholar: lookup
        9. Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022 Oct;288:105898.
          doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105898pubmed: 36152994google scholar: lookup
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