[Immunoglobulin concentration in equine colostrum and blood of newborn foals as well as clinically relevant IgG evaluation methods – An overview].
Abstract: Due to the special structure of the equine placenta, foals depend on an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum post natum in order to ensure the development of passive immunity. The quality of the colostrum is determined, among other things, by the IgG content. This may be evaluated in the colostrum by direct and indirect methods (density and refractive index). The density of the colostrum is measured by a colostrometer and should amount to at least 1060 g/l. Refractometry is suitable for assessing the relative density or refractive index. Good equine colostrum has a Brix value of at least 23 %. The IgG concentration in the blood of the foal may also be determined by direct and indirect methods. The SNAP-Test is regarded as a direct semi-quantitative measurement method, with values > 800 mg/dl indicating an adequate IgG concentration. Furthermore, the radial immuno-diffusion test, the latex agglutination test, and the immunoturbimetry are direct methods that may be applied. Indirect methods include the zinc sulphate turbidity test, the glutaraldehyde coagulation test, as well as the measurement of total protein, globulin concentration and γ-glutamyl transferase activity. Durch den speziellen Aufbau der equinen Plazenta sind Fohlen post natum auf eine adäquate Aufnahme von Kolostrum guter Qualität angewiesen, um die Entwicklung einer passiven Immunität zu sichern. Die Qualität des Kolostrums hängt insbesondere von seinem IgG-Gehalt ab. Dieser lässt sich durch direkte und indirekte Methoden (Dichte und Brechungsindex) ermitteln. Die Dichte des Kolostrums wird durch ein Kolostrometer bestimmt und sollte mindestens 1060 g/l betragen. Zur Bestimmung der relativen Dichte bzw. des Brechungsindex eignet sich die Refraktometrie. Kolostrum ausreichender Qualität weist einen Brix-Wert von mindestens 20 % auf. Die Bestimmung der IgG-Konzentration im Blut des Fohlens kann ebenfalls über direkte und indirekte Verfahren erfolgen. Eine direkte semiquantitative Messmethode ist der SNAP-Test, wobei Werte von > 800 mg/dl für eine adäquate Versorgung anzeigen. Als alternative direkte Messverfahren können ein auf radialer Immundiffusion basierender Test, der Latexagglutinationstest und die Immunturbimetrie angewendet werden. Zu den indirekten Verfahren zählen der Zinksulfattrübungstest, der Glutaraldehyd-Koagulationstest, die Bestimmung der Gesamtproteinkonzentration, der Globulinkonzentration und der Aktivität der γ-Glutamyltransferase.
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
Publication Date: 2019-10-21 PubMed ID: 31634941DOI: 10.1055/a-1005-0004Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research paper presents an overview of different methods used to measure the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) – a type of antibody – in the colostrum (first breast milk) and blood of newborn foals, with a focus on techniques that are clinically relevant for ensuring the adequacy of passive immunity passed on from the mare to the newborn.
Importance of Colostrum Intake in Newborn Foals
- The study begins by highlighting the crucial role of high-quality colostrum for the development of passive immunity in newborn foals. Foals rely on consuming this colostrum due to the unique structure of the equine placenta that hinders the transfer of maternal antibodies in-utero.
- The quality of colostrum is primarily determined by its IgG content. Foals require this essential antibody to fight off potential infections in the early stages of their life.
Evaluation of Colostrum Quality
- The researchers outline both direct and indirect methods of evaluating the IgG content, and hence the quality, of colostrum.
- The density of the colostrum is among the measurement aspects, which is directly assessed using a device called a colostrometer, with a good quality colostrum having a density of at least 1060 g/l.
- An indirect method of determining IgG concentration is refractometry, which measures the refractive index or relative density of the colostrum. The Brix value obtained from this method should be at least 23% for the colostrum to be of good quality.
Evaluation of Foal’s Blood IgG Concentration
- The paper moves on to discuss how the IgG concentration in the foal’s blood can be assed via direct and indirect techniques. A SNAP-Test, a direct semi-quantitative method, is considered adequate if measures values greater than 800 mg/dl.
- Other direct methods listed are radial immuno-diffusion tests, latex agglutination tests, and immunoturbimetry.
- Indirect methods mentioned include the zinc sulphate turbidity test, the glutaraldehyde coagulation test, along with the measurement of total protein, globulin concentration and γ-glutamyl transferase activity.
In conclusion, the research overview provides a comprehensive study of the crucial bio-medical methods required for assessing the development of passive immunity in newborn foals, thus promoting their health and survival chances.
Cite This Article
APA
Sievert M, Krohn J, Wehrend A.
(2019).
[Immunoglobulin concentration in equine colostrum and blood of newborn foals as well as clinically relevant IgG evaluation methods – An overview].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 47(5), 298-307.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1005-0004 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.
MeSH Terms
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn / blood
- Animals, Newborn / classification
- Animals, Newborn / immunology
- Breeding
- Colostrum / chemistry
- Colostrum / immunology
- Female
- Horses / blood
- Horses / classification
- Horses / immunology
- Immunoglobulin G / analysis
- Immunoglobulin G / blood
- Immunoglobulin G / classification
- Immunoglobulins / blood
- Immunoglobulins / classification
- Parity
- Pregnancy
Conflict of Interest Statement
Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Demattio L, Conejeros I, Grob D, Gärtner U, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Wehrend A. Induction of NETosis in ovine colostral PMN upon exposure to Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1176144.
- Terpeluk ER, Schäfer J, Finkler-Schade C, Rauch E, Rohn K, Schuberth HJ. Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product to Mares in Late Gestation Alters the Biological Activity of Colostrum. Animals (Basel) 2024 Aug 24;14(17).
- Lindinger H, Wehrend A. Characterization of Typical Behaviors of Mares in the Opening Phase of Parturition-Influence of Parity and Dystocia. Animals (Basel) 2024 Mar 28;14(7).
- Lindinger H, Wehrend A. Investigating the suitability of a transponder-based birth monitoring system attached to the vulva of a mare. Vet World 2023 Dec;16(12):2451-2456.
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