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Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2011; 19(2); 235-241; doi: 10.1128/CVI.05522-11

Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) induces a variety of disease manifestations, including respiratory disease, abortions, and myeloencephalopathy. Several vaccines are commercially available but could not previously be distinguished by serologic testing from infection with EHV-1 (or the closely related EHV-4). Currently available vaccines are not reliably protective against the severe manifestations of the disease, including fatal myeloencephalopathy. We determined immunological parameters that can differentiate vaccinated from previously infected animals by comparing humoral and cellular EHV-1-specific responses in clinically healthy horses 10 months after vaccination. Forty-seven horses with known histories of vaccination and infection were studied, including a group of horses that survived a severe neurological outbreak 5 years prior to vaccination. Results of serum virus neutralization (SN), serum IgG isotyping, and cytokine profiling of lymphocyte subsets were compared. IgG4/7 levels strongly correlated with virus neutralization (P < 0.0001). IgG1/3 and SN values distinguished vaccinated/outbreak-exposed (vacc/outbreak) horses from vaccinated horses (P < 0.05). EHV-1-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD4(+) (but not CD8(+)) T-cell numbers were also increased in vacc/outbreak horses, which distinguished them from vaccinated horses (P < 0.01). IFN-α secretion was similar between all groups and independent of previous exposure or vaccination. Our data suggest that IgG isotype responses to EHV-1 are more diverse under field conditions than is revealed by experimental studies and that the current modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine induces a more restricted IgG isotype response than does natural exposure to EHV-1. Since these parameters can be assessed in a high-throughput manner, they may prove useful in screening future vaccine candidates and assessing levels of protection.
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Publication Date: 2011-12-28 PubMed ID: 22205656PubMed Central: PMC3272919DOI: 10.1128/CVI.05522-11Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the immunological factors that can distinguish between horses that have been vaccinated and those previously infected with Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), a virus known to cause detrimental health impacts on horses. The goal was to improve the efficacy and understanding of current EHV-1 vaccinations.

Research Methodology

  • The study involved 47 horses with known histories of either vaccination or infection with EHV-1. Among them, there was a group of horses that had survived a severe neurological outbreak 5 years prior to vaccination.
  • The horses’ immunological responses were analyzed by examining specific indicators in the horses’ blood work, including serum virus neutralization, serum IgG isotyping, and cytokine profiling of lymphocyte subsets of both vaccinated and previously infected horses.

Results

  • The team discovered that IgG4/7 levels strongly correlated with virus neutralization, suggesting that this specific IgG isotype response increased efficacy against the virus.
  • Horses that survived from EHV-1 outbreaks show different IgG1/3 and serum neutralization values compared to vaccinated horses.
  • Also, the rise in the count of EHV-1-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-producing CD4(+) T-cells were prominent in horses that have survived the infection compared to vaccinated horses, providing another proof of their previous exposure to EHV-1.

Implications and Conclusion

  • The study revealed that the immunity responses in horses that naturally encountered the EHV-1 virus differ from those induced by vaccination. The study suggests that the current modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine fosters a more limited IgG isotype response than natural exposure.
  • The findings suggest potential benefits in tracking the IgG isotype responses to EHV-1 when developing future vaccine candidates or assessing the effectiveness of existing vaccines.
  • Since these parameters can be assessed efficiently at scale, this method could pave the way for enhanced screening protocols for future vaccine candidates and evaluating their protective capabilities against EHV-1.

Cite This Article

APA
Goodman LB, Wimer C, Dubovi EJ, Gold C, Wagner B. (2011). Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1. Clin Vaccine Immunol, 19(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05522-11

Publication

Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI
ISSN: 1556-679X
NlmUniqueID: 101252125
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 2
Pages: 235-241

Researcher Affiliations

Goodman, Laura B
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Wimer, Christine
    Dubovi, Edward J
      Gold, Carvel
        Wagner, Bettina

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Antibodies, Neutralizing / blood
          • Antibodies, Viral / blood
          • CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
          • CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
          • Cytokines / immunology
          • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
          • Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
          • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
          • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
          • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / immunology
          • Herpesvirus Vaccines / immunology
          • Horse Diseases / immunology
          • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
          • Horse Diseases / virology
          • Horses / immunology
          • Horses / virology
          • Immunity, Cellular
          • Immunity, Humoral
          • Immunoglobulin G / blood
          • Immunoglobulin G / classification
          • Interferon-alpha / immunology
          • Interferon-gamma / immunology
          • Lymphocyte Count
          • Lymphocyte Subsets
          • Vaccination / veterinary
          • Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
          • Viral Vaccines / immunology

          Grant Funding

          • F32 AI082922 / NIAID NIH HHS

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          Citations

          This article has been cited 9 times.
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