FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vaccines (Basel) / Immunostimulating Effect of Inactivated Parapoxvirus Ovis on...
Vaccines2022; 10(12); 2139; doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122139

Immunostimulating Effect of Inactivated Parapoxvirus Ovis on the Serological Response to Equine Influenza Booster Vaccination.

Abstract: Equine influenza virus (EIV) is responsible for recurring outbreaks that are detrimental to the equine industry. Vaccination is key for prevention, but the effectiveness and duration of protection provided by existing vaccines is often insufficient. In order to improve vaccine efficacy, we evaluated the benefit of immune stimulation with inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) on the antibody response induced by a vaccine boost against EIV. A whole inactivated ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted equine influenza vaccine was administered alone ( = 10) or combined with iPPVO injections at D0, D2 and D4 post vaccination ( = 10) to adult horses that required a vaccine boost 6 months after the last immunization, as now recommended by the WOAH. Antibody levels were measured with the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay at 1, 3 and 6 months post-vaccination. Results revealed that horses that received iPPVO had higher antibody levels than the control group injected with the EI vaccine alone. Although the vaccine used contains only a clade 1 and European lineage strain, the increase in protective antibodies was also observed against a clade 2 strain. Thus, immune stimulation with iPPVO, a substance already marketed as an immunostimulant, could be used to improve vaccination protocols in horses and potentially other species.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-12-14 PubMed ID: 36560549PubMed Central: PMC9782193DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122139Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article evaluates the potential of using inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) to enhance the antibody response to Equine influenza virus (EIV) booster vaccination in horses, which could potentially improve vaccine efficacy.

Study Design

  • The study aimed to increase the efficacy of the existing vaccines for equine influenza virus (EIV), a recurring virus detrimental to the equine industry.
  • To test the effectiveness of an immune stimulant with the vaccine, inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO), an already marketed immunostimulant, was combined with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted equine influenza vaccine.
  • The researchers administered the combined vaccine to a group of 10 adult horses that required a vaccine boost 6 months after their previous immunization. This was done in line with recommendations by the World Organization for Animal Health.
  • Another group of 10 horses were given the vaccine without the addition of iPPVO. These horses served as a control group for the study.

Methodology and Results

  • The researchers measured antibody levels in both groups of horses at intervals of 1, 3, and 6 months post-vaccination using an assay called the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay.
  • Results showed that horses which received iPPVO had higher antibody levels than those in the control group given the vaccine alone.
  • Interestingly, even though the vaccine used contained only strains of a specific clade and lineage, an increase in protective antibodies was observed against a different clade strain.

Conclusions

  • The results suggest that immune stimulation with iPPVO could improve the efficacy of vaccination protocols in horses.
  • This opens up the potential for iPPVO to possibly be used for boosting vaccination efficacy in other species as well.

Cite This Article

APA
Carnet F, Paillot R, Fortier C, Hue ES, Briot L, de Geoffroy F, Vidalain PO, Pronost S. (2022). Immunostimulating Effect of Inactivated Parapoxvirus Ovis on the Serological Response to Equine Influenza Booster Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel), 10(12), 2139. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122139

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 12
PII: 2139

Researcher Affiliations

Carnet, Flora
  • LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
Paillot, Romain
  • LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK.
Fortier, Christine
  • LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
Hue, Erika S
  • LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
Briot, Laurie
  • Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Plateau Technique du Pin-au-Haras, 61310 Gouffern en Auge, France.
de Geoffroy, Frédéric
  • Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Plateau Technique du Pin-au-Haras, 61310 Gouffern en Auge, France.
Vidalain, Pierre-Olivier
  • CIRI Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
Pronost, Stéphane
  • LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 31 references
  1. Wilson WD. Equine influenza.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):257-82.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30395-4pubmed: 8358645google scholar: lookup
  2. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797pmc: PMC4494246pubmed: 26344892google scholar: lookup
  3. Cullinane A. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health; Paris, France: 2022.
  4. Fougerolle S, Fortier C, Legrand L, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pronost S, Paillot R. Success and Limitation of Equine Influenza Vaccination: The First Incursion in a Decade of a Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus that Shakes Protection Despite High Vaccine Coverage.. Vaccines (Basel) 2019 Nov 2;7(4).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040174pmc: PMC6963532pubmed: 31684097google scholar: lookup
  5. Paillot R, El-Hage CM. The Use of a Recombinant Canarypox-Based Equine Influenza Vaccine during the 2007 Australian Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Summary.. Pathogens 2016 Jun 10;5(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens5020042pmc: PMC4931393pubmed: 27294963google scholar: lookup
  6. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Equine Influenza: The August 2007 Outbreak in Australia. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia; Canberra, Australia: 2008. Parliamentary Paper.
  7. Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v13081657pmc: PMC8402878pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
  8. Daly JM, Lai AC, Binns MM, Chambers TM, Barrandeguy M, Mumford JA. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses.. J Gen Virol 1996 Apr;77 ( Pt 4):661-71.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-4-661pubmed: 8627254google scholar: lookup
  9. Ziebell KL, Steinmann H, Kretzdorn D, Schlapp T, Failing K, Schmeer N. The use of Baypamun N in crowding associated infectious respiratory disease: efficacy of Baypamun N (freeze dried product) in 4-10 month old horses.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1997 Nov;44(9):529-36.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb01004.xpubmed: 9451942google scholar: lookup
  10. Castrucci G, Osburn BI, Frigeri F, Ferrari M, Salvatori D, Lo Dico M, Barreca F. The use of immunomodulators in the control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2000 Jul;23(3):163-73.
    doi: 10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00069-7pubmed: 10855662google scholar: lookup
  11. Hartmann K, Block A, Ferk G, Vollmar A, Goldberg M, Lutz H. Treatment of feline leukemia virus-infected cats with paramunity inducer.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998 Oct 23;65(2-4):267-75.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00161-5pubmed: 9839879google scholar: lookup
  12. Kyriakis SC, Tzika ED, Lyras DN, Tsinas AC, Saoulidis K, Sarris K. Effect of an inactivated Parapoxvirus based immunomodulator (Baypamun) on post weaning diarrhoea syndrome and wasting pig syndrome of piglets.. Res Vet Sci 1998 May-Jun;64(3):187-90.
    doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(98)90122-9pubmed: 9690600google scholar: lookup
  13. Paillot R. A systematic review of the immune-modulators Parapoxvirus ovis and Propionibacterium acnes for the prevention of respiratory disease and other infections in the horse.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013 May 15;153(1-2):1-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.010pubmed: 23481655google scholar: lookup
  14. Ons E, Van Brussel L, Lane S, King V, Cullinane A, Kenna R, Lyons P, Hammond TA, Salt J, Raue R. Efficacy of a Parapoxvirus ovis-based immunomodulator against equine herpesvirus type 1 and Streptococcus equi equi infections in horses.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Oct 10;173(3-4):232-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.015pubmed: 25153651google scholar: lookup
  15. Rush BR, Flaminio MJ. Immunomodulation in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2000 Apr;16(1):183-97, viii.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30126-8pubmed: 10752146google scholar: lookup
  16. Weber O, Siegling A, Friebe A, Limmer A, Schlapp T, Knolle P, Mercer A, Schaller H, Volk HD. Inactivated parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus) has antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus.. J Gen Virol 2003 Jul;84(Pt 7):1843-1852.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19138-0pubmed: 12810878google scholar: lookup
  17. Horohov DW, Breathnach CC, Sturgill TL, Rashid C, Stiltner JL, Strong D, Nieman N, Holland RE. In vitro and in vivo modulation of the equine immune response by parapoxvirus ovis.. Equine Vet J 2008 Jul;40(5):468-72.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X322111pubmed: 18678554google scholar: lookup
  18. Hue ES, Richard EA, Fortier CI, Fortier GD, Paillot R, Raue R, Pronost SL. Equine PBMC Cytokines Profile after In Vitro α- and γ-EHV Infection: Efficacy of a Parapoxvirus Ovis Based-Immunomodulator Treatment.. Vaccines (Basel) 2017 Sep 19;5(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines5030028pmc: PMC5620559pubmed: 28925977google scholar: lookup
  19. Biuk-Rudan N, Šver L, Valpotić I, Vrbanac I, Madić J, Župančić Ž, Vijtiuk N, Pavičić Ž. Effect of Baypamun Treatment on Aujeszky’s Disease Virus (ADV) Transmission in Pigs. Acta Vet. Brno 2004;73:59–68.
    doi: 10.2754/avb200473010059google scholar: lookup
  20. Friebe A, Siegling A, Friederichs S, Volk HD, Weber O. Immunomodulatory effects of inactivated parapoxvirus ovis (ORF virus) on human peripheral immune cells: induction of cytokine secretion in monocytes and Th1-like cells.. J Virol 2004 Sep;78(17):9400-11.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9400-9411.2004pmc: PMC506965pubmed: 15308734google scholar: lookup
  21. Arifin WN, Zahiruddin WM. Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach.. Malays J Med Sci 2017 Oct;24(5):101-105.
    doi: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.11pmc: PMC5772820pubmed: 29386977google scholar: lookup
  22. Charan J, Kantharia ND. How to calculate sample size in animal studies?. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013 Oct;4(4):303-6.
    doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.119726pmc: PMC3826013pubmed: 24250214google scholar: lookup
  23. AI-Therapy, Statistics for Psychologists, Sample Size Calculator. [(accessed on 8 December 2022)]. Available online: https://www.ai-therapy.com/psychology-statistics/sample-size-calculator.
  24. Morley PS, Hanson LK, Bogdan JR, Townsend HG, Appleton JA, Haines DM. The relationship between single radial hemolysis, hemagglutination inhibition, and virus neutralization assays used to detect antibodies specific for equine influenza viruses.. Vet Microbiol 1995 Jun;45(1):81-92.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00105-6pubmed: 7653031google scholar: lookup
  25. Mumford JA, Wood J. Establishing an acceptability threshold for equine influenza vaccines.. Dev Biol Stand 1992;79:137-46.
    pubmed: 1286748
  26. OIE. OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition. OIE—World Organisation for Animal Health; Paris, France: 2019.
  27. Lunn D.P, Rush B.R. Immunomodulation: Principles and Mechanisms. IVIS; Denver, CO, USA: 2004.
  28. Paillot R, Garrett D, Lopez-Alvarez MR, Birand I, Montesso F, Horspool L. The Immunity Gap Challenge: Protection against a Recent Florida Clade 2 Equine Influenza Strain.. Vaccines (Basel) 2018 Jul 2;6(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines6030038pmc: PMC6161116pubmed: 30004410google scholar: lookup
  29. Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030501pmc: PMC7564743pubmed: 32899189google scholar: lookup
  30. Reeve-Johnson L. Equine influenza in Australia.. Vet Rec 2007 Nov 3;161(18):635.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.161.18.635pubmed: 17982150google scholar: lookup
  31. Holmes MA, Townsend HG, Kohler AK, Hussey S, Breathnach C, Barnett C, Holland R, Lunn DP. Immune responses to commercial equine vaccines against equine herpesvirus-1, equine influenza virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and tetanus.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):67-80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.010pubmed: 16476488google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Helmold M, Amann R. Advancing ORFV-Based Therapeutics to the Clinical Stage. Rev Med Virol 2025 May;35(3):e70038.
    doi: 10.1002/rmv.70038pubmed: 40346732google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.