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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(4); 424; doi: 10.3390/pathogens11040424

Impact of Vaccination on Rotavirus Genotype Diversity: A Nearly Two-Decade-Long Epidemiological Study before and after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Sicily, Italy.

Abstract: Sicily was the first Italian region to introduce rotavirus (RV) vaccination with the monovalent G1P[8] vaccine Rotarix® in May 2012. In this study, the seasonal distribution and molecular characterization of RV strains detected over 19 years were compared to understand the effect of Rotarix® on the evolutionary dynamics of human RVs. A total of 7846 stool samples collected from children < 5 years of age, hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis, were tested for RV detection and genotyping. Since 2013, vaccine coverage has progressively increased, while the RV prevalence decreased from 36.1% to 13.3% with a loss of seasonality. The local distribution of RV genotypes changed over the time possibly due to vaccine introduction, with a drastic reduction in G1P[8] strains replaced by common and novel emerging RV strains, such as equine-like G3P[8] in the 2018−2019 season. Comparison of VP7 and VP4 amino acid (aa) sequences with the cognate genes of Rotarix® and RotaTeq® vaccine strains showed specific aa changes in the antigenic epitopes of VP7 and of the VP8* portion of VP4 of the Italian RV strains. Molecular epidemiological surveillance data are required to monitor the emergence of novel RV strains and ascertain if these strains may affect the efficacy of RV vaccines.
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Publication Date: 2022-03-31 PubMed ID: 35456099PubMed Central: PMC9028787DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040424Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article focuses on analyzing the effect of a monovalent rotavirus (RV) vaccine on the diversity of RV genotypes in Sicily, Italy over a 19-year period. The study found that the introduction of the vaccine led to a decrease in RV prevalence and a shift in RV genotypes.

Objective and Methodology

  • The goal of this research was to understand the influence of a rotavirus (RV) vaccine on the dynamics of RV evolution. The study focused on Sicily, Italy, where the monovalent G1P[8] vaccine Rotarix® was introduced. The impact of the vaccine was analyzed by comparing pre and post-vaccine data.
  • Detection and genotyping of RV were conducted on a sizeable dataset of 7846 stool samples collected over a 19-year period. These samples were collected from children under five years of age suffering from acute gastroenteritis.

Findings

  • A noticeable vaccine coverage increase was observed since 2013. Simultaneously, RV prevalence decreased from 36.1% to 13.3%, suggesting a potential effect of the vaccine.
  • A major impact of the vaccine was the disruption in the seasonal pattern of RV.
  • In terms of the local distribution of RV genotypes, there was a significant decrease in the G1P[8] strains that the Rotarix® vaccine targets, however, other common and emerging strains were observed in their place, such as the equine-like G3P[8] strain during the 2018-2019 season.
  • A comparison between the amino acid (aa) sequences of certain proteins (VP7 and VP4) in the RV strains and the corresponding sequences in the Rotarix® and RotaTeq® vaccines showed specific changes. These alterations in the antigenic epitopes might influence the vaccine’s efficacy and underline the need for the continuous monitoring of RV evolution.

Conclusion

  • The research indicates a substantial influence of the RV vaccine in decreasing RV prevalence and altering the local genotype distribution.
  • Nonetheless, the emergence of novel RV strains, owing potentially to vaccine pressure, emphasizes the necessity for molecular epidemiological surveillance. This monitoring would help to identify novel RV strains and determine if these might compromise the effectiveness of current vaccines.

Cite This Article

APA
Bonura F, Mangiaracina L, Filizzolo C, Bonura C, Martella V, Ciarlet M, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S. (2022). Impact of Vaccination on Rotavirus Genotype Diversity: A Nearly Two-Decade-Long Epidemiological Study before and after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Sicily, Italy. Pathogens, 11(4), 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040424

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
PII: 424

Researcher Affiliations

Bonura, Floriana
  • Department of Health, Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
Mangiaracina, Leonardo
  • Department of Health, Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
Filizzolo, Chiara
  • Department of Health, Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
Bonura, Celestino
  • Department of Health, Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
Martella, Vito
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
Ciarlet, Max
  • Clinical Development, Icosavax, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
Giammanco, Giovanni M
  • Department of Health, Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
De Grazia, Simona
  • Department of Health, Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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