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Infection by Strongylus edentatus and Strongylus vulgaris in a warmblood crossbred foal in Ontario.

Abstract: A 6-month-old warmblood-cross filly was presented to the Ontario Veterinary College Large Animal Hospital (Guelph, Ontario) because of acute profuse diarrhea unresponsive to treatment and severe wasting. The filly progressed to obtundation over 4 d and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed multifocal hemorrhage within the extraperitoneal fascia and diaphragm with intralesional, 4-centimeter-long, white nematodes. In addition, verminous arteritis of the cranial mesenteric artery, right colic artery thrombosis with segmental colonic infarction, ulcerative colitis, and segmental fibrinonecrotizing enteritis were present. Morphological and molecular evaluation of nematodes from the extraperitoneal fascia and diaphragm confirmed infection. Histopathology identified intralesional nematodes within the thrombosed cranial mesenteric artery, consistent with , and numerous encysted nematode larvae consistent with cyathostomins in the colon. Bacterial culture of the colon isolated spp., later confirmed PCR as serovar Enteritidis, and PCR of the small intestine identified . Although is rarely diagnosed in non-feral horses in North America, this case highlights that continued vigilance for its reemergence and that of other large strongyles, including , is warranted. Key clinical message: The identification of lesions associated with both and in this foal underscores the continued relevance of large strongyle infections in contemporary equine practice. This case emphasizes the importance of considering migratory strongyles during diagnostic evaluations and implementation of parasite control strategies in all horses that, in part, target large strongyles. Infection à et chez un poulain croisé de race warmblood en OntarioUne pouliche croisée warmblood de six mois a été présentée à l’hôpital pour grands animaux du Ontario Veterinary College (Guelph, Ontario) en raison d’une diarrhée aiguë et profuse résistante au traitement et d’un amaigrissement sévère. Son état s’est aggravé jusqu’à l’obnubilation sur une période de 4 j, et elle a dû être euthanasiée. L’examen post-mortem a révélé des hémorragies multifocales au sein du fascia extra-péritonéal et du diaphragme, avec présence de nématodes blancs intra-lésionnels de 4 cm de long. De plus, on a constaté une artérite vermineuse de l’artère mésentérique crâniale, une thrombose de l’artère colique droite avec infarctus colique segmentaire, une colite ulcéreuse et une entérite fibrino-nécrosante segmentaire. L’évaluation morphologique et moléculaire des nématodes prélevés au niveau du fascia extrapéritonéal et du diaphragme a confirmé l’infection à . L’examen histopathologique a révélé la présence de nématodes intra-lésionnels dans l’artère mésentérique crâniale thrombosée, compatibles avec , ainsi que de nombreuses larves de nématodes enkystées, compatibles avec des cyathostomes, dans le côlon. La culture bactérienne du côlon a permis l’isolement de spp., confirmée ultérieurement par PCR comme étant sérovar Enteritidis, et la PCR de l’intestin grêle a identifié . Bien que soit rarement diagnostiqué chez les chevaux non sauvages en Amérique du Nord, ce cas souligne la nécessité de maintenir une vigilance constante quant à sa réémergence et à celle d’autres grands strongles, notamment .Message clinique clé:L’identification de lésions associées à la fois à et à chez ce poulain souligne l’importance persistante des infections à grands strongles dans la pratique équine actuelle. Ce cas souligne l’importance de prendre en compte les strongles migrateurs lors des évaluations diagnostiques et de mettre en œuvre chez tous les chevaux des stratégies de lutte antiparasitaire qui ciblent, en partie, les grands strongles.(Traduit par D Serge Messier).
Publication Date: 2026-06-01 PubMed ID: 42266332PubMed Central: PMC13244534
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Summary

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Overview

Clinical Presentation and Course

  • The foal presented with acute, profuse diarrhea that did not respond to treatment.
  • Significant weight loss (severe wasting) occurred over time.
  • Within four days, the foal’s condition deteriorated to a decreased level of consciousness (obtundation), resulting in euthanasia.

Postmortem Examination Findings

  • Multifocal hemorrhages were found in the extraperitoneal fascia and diaphragm.
  • Four-centimeter-long white nematodes (parasitic worms) were discovered within these hemorrhagic lesions.
  • Severe vascular and intestinal lesions were identified, including:
    • Verminous arteritis (inflammation caused by worms) of the cranial mesenteric artery.
    • Thrombosis (blood clot) in the right colic artery leading to segmental colonic infarction (localized tissue death in the colon).
    • Ulcerative colitis (inflammation with ulcers in the colon).
    • Segmental fibrinonecrotizing enteritis (intestinal inflammation with fibrin formation and tissue death in segments).

Parasitological and Microbiological Analyses

  • Morphological and molecular testing confirmed the nematodes collected from fascia and diaphragm tissues as Strongylus edentatus.
  • Histopathology (microscopic examination of tissue) showed nematodes within the thrombosed cranial mesenteric artery consistent with Strongylus vulgaris.
  • Numerous encysted nematode larvae consistent with cyathostomins (small strongyles) were found in the colon.
  • Bacterial culture of the colon isolated Salmonella spp., specifically Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis identified by PCR.
  • PCR testing of small intestinal tissue detected Clostridium perfringens type A, another potential pathogen.

Significance of the Findings

  • Strongylus edentatus and Strongylus vulgaris are large strongyle parasites known to cause severe vascular and intestinal disease in horses.
  • Although rarely diagnosed in non-feral horses in North America today, this case indicates these parasites still pose a health threat and can cause fatal disease.
  • The identification of both large strongyle species in one foal reinforces that their migratory larval stages can cause complex and severe pathology, including arterial inflammation, thrombosis, and intestinal infarction.
  • Concurrent infections with other intestinal pathogens like Salmonella and Clostridium possibly exacerbated the clinical disease.

Clinical and Veterinary Implications

  • This case underscores the importance of considering migratory large strongyle infections in horses presenting with severe diarrhea and wasting, even in areas with low current prevalence.
  • Diagnostic evaluations for horses with gastrointestinal disease should include consideration of large strongyle infections.
  • Parasite control programs for horses should remain vigilant and include strategies targeting large strongyles to prevent reemergence and disease outbreaks.
  • Veterinarians should be aware that these parasites can cause life-threatening vascular and intestinal lesions, especially in young foals.
  • Ongoing surveillance and molecular diagnostics are valuable tools to identify these infections timely.

Cite This Article

APA
Trokoz A, Sjolin E, Lejeune M, Peregrine AS, Borkowski E. (2026). Infection by Strongylus edentatus and Strongylus vulgaris in a warmblood crossbred foal in Ontario. Can Vet J, 67(6), 663-669.

Publication

ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 67
Issue: 6
Pages: 663-669

Researcher Affiliations

Trokoz, Andrii
  • Department of Pathobiology (Trokoz, Peregrine, Borkowski) and Large Animal Hospital (Sjolin), University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 144 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York, USA (Lejeune).
Sjolin, Erika
  • Department of Pathobiology (Trokoz, Peregrine, Borkowski) and Large Animal Hospital (Sjolin), University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 144 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York, USA (Lejeune).
Lejeune, Manigandan
  • Department of Pathobiology (Trokoz, Peregrine, Borkowski) and Large Animal Hospital (Sjolin), University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 144 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York, USA (Lejeune).
Peregrine, Andrew S
  • Department of Pathobiology (Trokoz, Peregrine, Borkowski) and Large Animal Hospital (Sjolin), University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 144 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York, USA (Lejeune).
Borkowski, Emma
  • Department of Pathobiology (Trokoz, Peregrine, Borkowski) and Large Animal Hospital (Sjolin), University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 144 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York, USA (Lejeune).

Citations

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