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Journal of veterinary internal medicine2017; 31(5); 1556-1562; doi: 10.1111/jvim.14793

Influence of the Respiratory Cycle on Caudal Vena Cava Diameter Measured by Sonography in Healthy Foals: A Pilot Study.

Abstract: Intravascular volume assessment in foals is challenging. In humans, intravascular volume status is estimated by the caudal vena cava (CVC) collapsibility index (CVC-CI) defined as (CVC diameter at maximum expiration [CVC ] - CVC diameter at minimal inspiration [CVC ])/CVC × 100%. Objective: To determine whether the CVC could be sonographically measured in healthy foals, determine differences in CVC and CVC , and calculate inter- and intrarater variability between 2 examiners. We hypothesized that the CVC could be measured sonographically at the subxiphoid view and that there would be a difference between CVC and CVC values. Methods: Sixty privately owned foals <1-month-old. Methods: Prospective study. A longitudinal subxiphoid sonographic window in standing foals was used. The CVC and CVC were analyzed by a linear mixed effect model. Inter-rater agreement and intrarater variability were expressed by Bland-Altman and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively. Results: Measurements were attained from 58 of 60 foals with mean age of 15 ± 7.9 days and mean weight of 75.7 ± 17.7 kg. The CVC was significantly different from CVC (D = 0.515, SE = 0.031, P < 0.001). Inter-rater agreement of the CVC-CI differed by an average of -0.9% (95% limits of agreement, -12.5 to +10.7%). Intrarater variability of CVC was 0.540 and 0.545, of CVC was 0.550 and 0.594, and of CVC-CI was 0.894 and 0.853 for observers 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate it is possible to reliably measure the CVC sonographically in healthy foals, and the CVC-CI may prove useful in assessing the intravascular volume status in hypovolemic foals.
Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2017-08-01 PubMed ID: 28766820PubMed Central: PMC5598903DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14793Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research investigates the use of sonography to measure the Caudal Vena Cava (CVC) in healthy foals for the evaluation of intravascular volume status. The results show that this method can reliably measure the CVC, potentially benefitting assessment procedure in hypovolemic foals.

Objective of the Study

  • The main aim of the research was to find out whether the Caudal Vena Cava (CVC) size could be measured accurately using sonography in healthy foals.
  • The researchers also wanted to determine the differences between the CVC diameter at maximum expiration and at minimal inspiration. The concept applied here is the CVC collapsibility index (CVC-CI), commonly used in humans to estimate the status of their intravascular volume.
  • The third aim was to calculate the inter- and intra-rater variability between the two examiners involved in the study.

Methodology

  • An observational study was carried out on sixty privately-owned foals, all under one-month-old.
  • A longitudinal subxiphoid sonographic window was used to measure the CVC in standing foals.
  • A linear mixed-effect model was adopted to analyze the difference between maximum expiration and minimal inspiration CVC diameters.
  • Inter-rater agreement and intra-rater variability were gauged through Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively.

Results and Conclusion

  • The team successfully made measurements on CVC in 58 out of the 60 foals. The mean age of the foals was 15±7.9 days and they had a mean weight of 75.7±17.7 kg.
  • The researchers determined that there was a significant difference between the CVC diameter at maximum expiration and at minimal inspiration.
  • On comparing the measurements taken by the two examiners, they found an average difference of -0.9% in terms of CVC-CI, with the variability ranging from -12.5% to +10.7%. This suggests that there was a good level of agreement between the two examiners.
  • The researchers concluded that sonography is a reliable method to measure the CVC in healthy foals. They also suggested that the technique might be useful for assessing intravascular volume status in hypovolemic foals.

Cite This Article

APA
Tuplin MC, Romero AE, Boysen SR. (2017). Influence of the Respiratory Cycle on Caudal Vena Cava Diameter Measured by Sonography in Healthy Foals: A Pilot Study. J Vet Intern Med, 31(5), 1556-1562. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14793

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 31
Issue: 5
Pages: 1556-1562

Researcher Affiliations

Tuplin, M C
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Romero, A E
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Boysen, S R
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / anatomy & histology
  • Horses / physiology
  • Pilot Projects
  • Prospective Studies
  • Respiration
  • Ultrasonography / veterinary
  • Vena Cava, Inferior / anatomy & histology
  • Vena Cava, Inferior / diagnostic imaging
  • Vena Cava, Inferior / physiology

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Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Casalta H, Busoni V, Eppe J, Grulke S, Merveille AC, Moula N, Gommeren K. Ultrasonographical Assessment of Caudal Vena Cava Size through Different Views in Healthy Calves: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2022 Jun 22;9(7).
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