FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Interest in Humans: Comparisons between Riding School Lesson...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(9); 2533; doi: 10.3390/ani11092533

Interest in Humans: Comparisons between Riding School Lesson Equids and Assisted-Intervention Equids.

Abstract: Little is known about the impact of equine-assisted interventions (EAI) on equids' perception of humans. In this study 172 equids, living in 12 riding centres, were submitted to a standardised human-horse relationship test: the motionless person test. Age, sex, type (horse/pony), housing, and feeding conditions of subjects were recorded. Overall, 17 equids worked in EAI, 95 in riding school lessons (RS), and 60 in both (EAI-RS). There were high inter-individual variations in the number of interactive behaviours directed towards the experimenter: negative binomial general linear models showed that activity was the most important factor: RS equids performed more interactive behaviours than EAI ( = 0.039) and EAI-RS ( < 0.001) equids. Daily quantity of hay appeared as the second most important factor (equids with more than 3 kg interacted more than equids with less than 3 kg, = 0.013). Individual characteristics were also important as horses interacted more than ponies ( = 0.009), geldings more than mares ( = 0.032), and 3-15-year-old equids more than equids over 15 years ( = 0.032). However, there was no interaction between factors. The lower number of interactive behaviours of EAI equids leads to different hypotheses-namely, selection on temperament, specific training, or compromised welfare (apathy). In any case, our results raised new lines of questions on EAI.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-08-28 PubMed ID: 34573500PubMed Central: PMC8468107DOI: 10.3390/ani11092533Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the differences in human-horse interactions among horses used in riding school lessons, and those used in equine-assisted interventions – a form of therapy that uses horses. A study conducted on 172 horses in 12 riding centres, the results revealed that the daily quantity of hay, the age, sex and type of horse, as well as the specific activity the horse engaged in, significantly influenced the horse’s interactive behavior.

Research Context and Methodology

  • The researchers set out to examine how different factors affected equine behavior towards humans, focusing on horses and ponies used in riding schools (RS), equine-assisted interventions (EAI), or both (EAI-RS).
  • The study involved 172 equids, i.e horses and ponies, from 12 different riding centres.
  • A specific human-horse relationship test, the motionless person test, was applied to all subjects. In addition, the researchers recorded the age, sex, type, housing, feeding conditions, and activity of all subjects.

Key Findings

  • The study revealed meaningful inter-individual variations among the subjects in the number of interactive behaviors directed towards the experimenter.
  • The activity engaged in by the equids had the most significant impact on their behavior with RS equids showing more interactive behaviors than EAI and EAI-RS equids.
  • Next, the daily quantity of hay was deemed significantly influential; equids fed more than 3 kg of hay were more interactive than those fed less.
  • Type of equid, sex, and age also had a substantial bearing on interactions, with horses being more interactive than ponies, geldings more than mares, and younger equids (3-15 years old) more than horses over 15 years old.
  • Interestingly, the researchers found no interaction between these different factors.

Implications of the Findings

  • One of the significant implications of these results is that equine activity has a higher bearing on human-horse interaction than any other recorded factor.
  • EAI equids performed fewer interactive behaviors, which could suggest different temperaments, specialized training, or compromised welfare (such as apathy) in these horses.
  • These findings raise insightful questions about equine-assisted interventions and may help to improve human-equine interactions, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of EAIs and riding school lessons.

Cite This Article

APA
Lerch N, Cirulli F, Rochais C, Lesimple C, Guilbaud E, Contalbrigo L, Borgi M, Grandgeorge M, Hausberger M. (2021). Interest in Humans: Comparisons between Riding School Lesson Equids and Assisted-Intervention Equids. Animals (Basel), 11(9), 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092533

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
PII: 2533

Researcher Affiliations

Lerch, Noémie
  • University Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
Cirulli, Francesca
  • Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
Rochais, Céline
  • University Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
Lesimple, Clémence
  • University Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
Guilbaud, Estelle
  • University Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
Contalbrigo, Laura
  • Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Assisted Interventions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy.
Borgi, Marta
  • Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
Grandgeorge, Marine
  • University Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
Hausberger, Martine
  • University Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)-UMR 6552, F-35380 Paimpont, France.

Grant Funding

  • IFCE contrat : CS_2018_18; CS_2017_32; CS_2015_01 / Ifce - Institut Franu00e7ais du Cheval et de l'Equitation
  • No grant number / Fondation Adrienne et Pierre Sommer
  • No grant number / Caisse Centrale de la Mutualitu00e9 Sociale Agricole
  • ARED 20007248 / Ru00e9gion Bretagne

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 104 references
  1. Jegatheesan B, Beetz A, Choi G, Dudzik C, Fine A, Garcia RM, Johnson R, Ormerod E, Winkle E, Yamazaki K. The IAHAIO Definitions for Animal Assisted Intervention and Guidelines for Wellness of Animals Involved in AAI. 2019; pp. 499–504.
  2. Fine AH. Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Foundations and Guidelines for Animal-Assisted Interventions. 4th ed. 2015.
  3. Philippe-Peyroutet C, Grandgeorge M. Animal-Assisted Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Survey of French Facilities. People Anim. Int. J. Res. Pract. 2017;1:8.
  4. Borgi M, Loliva D, Cerino S, Chiarotti F, Venerosi A, Bramini M, Nonnis E, Marcelli M, Vinti C, De Santis C, Bisacco F, Fagerlie M, Frascarelli M, Cirulli F. Effectiveness of a Standardized Equine-Assisted Therapy Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.. J Autism Dev Disord 2016 Jan;46(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2530-6pubmed: 26210515google scholar: lookup
  5. Kendall E, Maujean CA, Pepping CA, Downes M, Lakhani A, Byrne J, Macfarlane K. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Equine-Assisted Interventions on Psychological Outcomes. Eur. J. Psychother. Couns. 2015;17:57–79.
    doi: 10.1080/13642537.2014.996169google scholar: lookup
  6. Srinivasan SM, Cavagnino DT, Bhat AN. Effects of Equine Therapy on Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.. Rev J Autism Dev Disord 2018 Jun;5(2):156-175.
    doi: 10.1007/s40489-018-0130-zpmc: PMC6178825pubmed: 30319932google scholar: lookup
  7. Kendall E, Maujean A, Pepping CA, Wright JJ. Hypotheses about the psychological benefits of horses.. Explore (NY) 2014 Mar-Apr;10(2):81-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2013.12.001pubmed: 24607074google scholar: lookup
  8. Kieson E, Abramson CI. Equines as Tools vs. Partners: A Critical Look at the Uses and Beliefs Surrounding Horses in Equine Therapies and Argument for Mechanical Horses. J. Vet. Behav. 2016;15:94–95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.08.067google scholar: lookup
  9. McGreevy PD, Oddie C, Burton FL, McLean AN. The horse-human dyad: can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram?. Vet J 2009 Jul;181(1):12-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.005pubmed: 19375965google scholar: lookup
  10. De Santis M, Contalbrigo L, Borgi M, Cirulli F, Luzi F, Redaelli V, Stefani A, Toson M, Odore R, Vercelli C, Valle E, Farina L. Equine Assisted Interventions (EAIs): Methodological Considerations for Stress Assessment in Horses.. Vet Sci 2017 Sep 8;4(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci4030044pmc: PMC5644660pubmed: 29056702google scholar: lookup
  11. Grandgeorge M, Hausberger M. La médiation équine. Qu’en pensent les scientifiques?. IFCE; Geneva, Switzerland: 2018; pp. 161–181.
  12. Wensley SP. Animal welfare and the human-animal bond: considerations for veterinary faculty, students, and practitioners.. J Vet Med Educ 2008 Winter;35(4):532-9.
    doi: 10.3138/jvme.35.4.532pubmed: 19228905google scholar: lookup
  13. Lesimple C, Poissonnet A, Hausberger M. How to Keep Your Horse Safe? An Epidemiological Study about Management Practices. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;181:105–114.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.04.015google scholar: lookup
  14. Raabymagle P, Ladewig J. Lying Behavior in Horses in Relation to Box Size. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2006;26:11–17.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2005.11.015google scholar: lookup
  15. Mills DS, Riezebos M. The Role of the Image of a Conspecific in the Regulation of Stereotypic Head Movements in the Horse. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2005;91:155–165.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.027google scholar: lookup
  16. Luthersson N, Nielsen KH, Harris P, Parkin TD. Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark.. Equine Vet J 2009 Sep;41(7):625-30.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X441929pubmed: 19927579google scholar: lookup
  17. Benhajali H, Richard-Yris MA, Ezzaouia M, Charfi F, Hausberger M. Foraging opportunity: a crucial criterion for horse welfare?. Animal 2009 Sep;3(9):1308-12.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731109004820pubmed: 22444907google scholar: lookup
  18. Hausberger M, Gautier E, Biquand V, Lunel C, Jégo P. Could work be a source of behavioural disorders? A study in horses.. PLoS One 2009 Oct 28;4(10):e7625.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007625pmc: PMC2763287pubmed: 19862328google scholar: lookup
  19. Hall C, Goodwin D, Heleski C, Randle H, Waran N. Is there evidence of learned helplessness in horses?. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2008;11(3):249-66.
    doi: 10.1080/10888700802101130pubmed: 18569222google scholar: lookup
  20. Greve L, Dyson S. The horse-saddle-rider interaction.. Vet J 2013 Mar;195(3):275-81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.020pubmed: 23177524google scholar: lookup
  21. Lesimple C, Fureix C, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Human direct actions may alter animal welfare, a study on horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2010 Apr 28;5(4):e10257.
    doi: 10.1371/annotation/530e1439-fee8-434c-97b1-7d2cd87e2e46pmc: PMC2860978pubmed: 20442766google scholar: lookup
  22. Clayton HM, Nauwelaerts S. Effect of blindfolding on centre of pressure variables in healthy horses during quiet standing.. Vet J 2014 Mar;199(3):365-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.018pubmed: 24461643google scholar: lookup
  23. Cook WR. Pathophysiology of Bit Control in the Horse. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1999;19:196–204.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(99)80067-7google scholar: lookup
  24. Jeffcott LB, Holmes MA, Townsend HG. Validity of saddle pressure measurements using force-sensing array technology--preliminary studies.. Vet J 1999 Sep;158(2):113-9.
    doi: 10.1053/tvjl.1998.0334pubmed: 10489267google scholar: lookup
  25. Lesimple C, Fureix C, Aube L, Hausberger M. Detecting and Measuring Back Disorders in Nonverbal Individuals: The Example of Domestic Horses. Anim. Behav. Cogn. 2016;3:159–179.
    doi: 10.12966/abc.05.08.2016google scholar: lookup
  26. Fureix C, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Partners with bad temper: reject or cure? A study of chronic pain and aggression in horses.. PLoS One 2010 Aug 26;5(8):e12434.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012434pmc: PMC2928779pubmed: 20865160google scholar: lookup
  27. Stomp M, d'Ingeo S, Henry S, Lesimple C, Cousillas H, Hausberger M. EEG individual power profiles correlate with tension along spine in horses.. PLoS One 2020;15(12):e0243970.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243970pmc: PMC7735639pubmed: 33315932google scholar: lookup
  28. Burn CC, Dennison TL, Whay HR. Relationships between Behaviour and Health in Working Horses, Donkeys, and Mules in Developing Countries. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2010;126:109–118.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.007google scholar: lookup
  29. Fureix C, Jego P, Henry S, Lansade L, Hausberger M. Towards an ethological animal model of depression? A study on horses.. PLoS One 2012;7(6):e39280.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039280pmc: PMC3386251pubmed: 22761752google scholar: lookup
  30. Popescu S, Diugan EA. The Relationship Between Behavioral and Other Welfare Indicators of Working Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:1–12.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.001google scholar: lookup
  31. Rochais C, Sébilleau M, Menoret M, Oger M, Henry S, Hausberger M, Cousillas H. Attentional state and brain processes: state-dependent lateralization of EEG profiles in horses.. Sci Rep 2018 Jul 5;8(1):10153.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28334-9pmc: PMC6033862pubmed: 29976936google scholar: lookup
  32. Losonci Z, Berry J, Paddison J. Do Stabled Horses Show More Undesirable Behaviors during Handling than Field-Kept Ones?. J. Vet. Behav. 2016;15:93.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.08.062google scholar: lookup
  33. Lansade L, Valenchon M, Foury A, Neveux C, Cole SW, Layé S, Cardinaud B, Lévy F, Moisan MP. Behavioral and Transcriptomic Fingerprints of an Enriched Environment in Horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2014;9(12):e114384.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114384pmc: PMC4262392pubmed: 25494179google scholar: lookup
  34. Lansade L, Bouissou MF. Reactivity to Humans: A Temperament Trait of Horses Which Is Stable across Time and Situations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;114:492–508.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.012google scholar: lookup
  35. McCann JS, Heird JC, Bell RW, Lutherer LO. Normal and More Highly Reactive Horses. I. Heart Rate, Respiration Rate and Behavioral Observations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1988;19:201–214.
    doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(88)90001-9google scholar: lookup
  36. Visser EK, van Reenen CG, Hopster H, Schilder MBH, Knaap JH, Barneveld A, Blokhuis HJ. Quantifying Aspects of Young Horses’ Temperament: Consistency of Behavioural Variables. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2001;74:241–258.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00177-0google scholar: lookup
  37. Visser EK, van Reenen CG, van der Werf JT, Schilder MB, Knaap JH, Barneveld A, Blokhuis HJ. Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses.. Physiol Behav 2002 Jun 1;76(2):289-96.
    doi: 10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00698-4pubmed: 12044602google scholar: lookup
  38. Visser EK, Van Reenen CG, Rundgren M, Zetterqvist M, Morgan K, Blokhuis HJ. Responses of horses in behavioural tests correlate with temperament assessed by riders.. Equine Vet J 2003 Mar;35(2):176-83.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776114108pubmed: 12638795google scholar: lookup
  39. Hausberger M, Muller C. A Brief Note on Some Possible Factors Involved in the Reactions of Horses to Humans. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;76:339–344.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00016-3google scholar: lookup
  40. Henriksson J, Sauveroche M, Roth LSV. Effects of size and personality on social learning and human-directed behaviour in horses (Equus caballus).. Anim Cogn 2019 Nov;22(6):1001-1011.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-019-01291-0pmc: PMC6834737pubmed: 31312981google scholar: lookup
  41. Henry S, Briefer S, Richard-Yris MA, Hausberger M. Are 6-month-old foals sensitive to dam's influence?. Dev Psychobiol 2007 Jul;49(5):514-21.
    doi: 10.1002/dev.20225pubmed: 17577237google scholar: lookup
  42. Houpt K, Kusunose R. Genetics of Behaviour. CABI; Wallingford, UK: 2000.
  43. Schrimpf A, Single MS, Nawroth C. Social Referencing in the Domestic Horse.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jan 18;10(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10010164pmc: PMC7022515pubmed: 31963699google scholar: lookup
  44. Hausberger M, Roche H, Henry S, Visser EK. A Review of the Human–Horse Relationship. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;109:1–24.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.04.015google scholar: lookup
  45. Fureix C, Jego P, Sankey C, Hausberger M. How horses (Equus caballus) see the world: humans as significant "objects".. Anim Cogn 2009 Jul;12(4):643-54.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-009-0223-2pubmed: 19381698google scholar: lookup
  46. Sankey C, Richard-Yris MA, Henry S, Fureix C, Nassur F, Hausberger M. Reinforcement as a mediator of the perception of humans by horses (Equus caballus).. Anim Cogn 2010 Sep;13(5):753-64.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-010-0326-9pubmed: 20490592google scholar: lookup
  47. Smith AV, Wilson C, McComb K, Proops L. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) prefer to approach humans displaying a submissive body posture rather than a dominant body posture.. Anim Cogn 2018 Mar;21(2):307-312.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-017-1140-4pmc: PMC5818628pubmed: 29030725google scholar: lookup
  48. Merkies K, McKechnie MJ, Zakrajsek E. Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Therapy Horses to Mentally Traumatized Humans. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2018;205:61–67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.05.019google scholar: lookup
  49. Merkies K, Sievers A, Zakrajsek E, MacGregor H, Bergeron R, von Borstel UK. Preliminary Results Suggest an Influence of Psychological and Physiological Stress in Humans on Horse Heart Rate and Behavior. J. Vet. Behav. 2014;9:242–247.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.003google scholar: lookup
  50. Anderson MK, Friend TH, Evans JW, Bushong DM. Behavioral Assessment of Horses in Therapeutic Riding Programs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1999;63:11–24.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00237-8google scholar: lookup
  51. Pluta M, Kędzierski W. Emotional Responses of Horses to Patients Requiring Therapy. Soc. Anim. 2018;26:426–436.
    doi: 10.1163/15685306-12341559google scholar: lookup
  52. Fazio E, Medica P, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses of horses to therapeutic riding program: effects of different riders.. Physiol Behav 2013 Jun 13;118:138-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.009pubmed: 23684906google scholar: lookup
  53. Grandgeorge M, Dubois E, Alavi Z, Bourreau Y, Hausberger M. Do Animals Perceive Human Developmental Disabilities? Guinea Pigs' Behaviour with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Children with Typical Development. A Pilot Study.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Aug 2;9(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9080522pmc: PMC6719160pubmed: 31382429google scholar: lookup
  54. Johnson RA, Johnson PJ, Megarani DV, Patel SD, Yaglom HD, Osterlind S, Grindler K, Vogelweid CM, Parker TM, Pascua CK. Horses Working in Therapeutic Riding Programs: Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Glucose, and Behavior Stress Indicators. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;57:77–85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.006google scholar: lookup
  55. Kaiser L, Heleski CR, Siegford J, Smith KA. Stress-related behaviors among horses used in a therapeutic riding program.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 Jan 1;228(1):39-45.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.228.1.39pubmed: 16426164google scholar: lookup
  56. Diugan EA, Spinu M, Popescu S. Human-Animal Relationship Assessment in Horses (Equus caballus) with Different Uses. Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj-Napoca Vet. Med. 2014;71:441–444.
    doi: 10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:10718google scholar: lookup
  57. Pritchard JC, Lindberg AC, Main DC, Whay HR. Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters.. Prev Vet Med 2005 Jul 12;69(3-4):265-83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.02.002pubmed: 15907574google scholar: lookup
  58. Ali ABA, El Sayed MA, Matoock MY, Fouad MA, Heleski CR. A Welfare Assessment Scoring System for Working Equids—A Method for Identifying at Risk Populations and for Monitoring Progress of Welfare Enhancement Strategies (Trialed in Egypt). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;176:52–62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.12.001google scholar: lookup
  59. Popescu S, Diugan EA. The relationship between the welfare quality and stress index in working and breeding horses.. Res Vet Sci 2017 Dec;115:442-450.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.028pubmed: 28772242google scholar: lookup
  60. Hausberger M, Stomp M, Sankey C, Brajon S, Lunel C, Henry S. Mutual interactions between cognition and welfare: The horse as an animal model.. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019 Dec;107:540-559.
    doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.022pubmed: 31491471google scholar: lookup
  61. Sankey C, Richard-Yris MA, Leroy H, Henry S, Hausberger M. Positive Interactions Lead to Lasting Positive Memories in Horses, Equus caballus. Anim. Behav. 2010;79:869–875.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.037google scholar: lookup
  62. Nimer J, Lundahl B. Animal-Assisted Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Anthrozoös 2015;20:225–238.
    doi: 10.2752/089279307X224773google scholar: lookup
  63. Fureix C, Gorecka-Bruzda A, Gautier E, Hausberger M. Cooccurrence of Yawning and Stereotypic Behaviour in Horses (Equus caballus). ISRN Zool. 2011;2011:1–10.
    doi: 10.5402/2011/271209google scholar: lookup
  64. Altmann J. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods.. Behaviour 1974;49(3):227-67.
    doi: 10.1163/156853974X00534pubmed: 4597405google scholar: lookup
  65. Team RC. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation Statistical Computing; Vienna, Austria: 2018.
  66. Gonzalez-Estrada E, Villasenor-Alva JA. Tests of Fit for Some Probability Distributions. R Package Version 2017;1:4.
  67. Gardner W, Mulvey EP, Shaw EC. Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models.. Psychol Bull 1995 Nov;118(3):392-404.
    doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.392pubmed: 7501743google scholar: lookup
  68. Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection. Sociol. Methods Res. 2004.
    doi: 10.1177/0049124104268644google scholar: lookup
  69. Barton K. Package ‘Mumin’. Version 2020;1:439.
  70. Hervé M. RVAideMemoire: Testing and Plotting Procedures for Biostatistics. R Package Version 2019;0.9:72.
  71. Hausberger M, Lerch N, Guilbaud E, Stomp M, Grandgeorge M, Henry S, Lesimple C. On-Farm Welfare Assessment of Horses: The Risks of Putting the Cart before the Horse.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 25;10(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10030371pmc: PMC7143857pubmed: 32106531google scholar: lookup
  72. Henry S, Fureix C, Rowberry R, Bateson M, Hausberger M. Do horses with poor welfare show 'pessimistic' cognitive biases?. Naturwissenschaften 2017 Feb;104(1-2):8.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-016-1429-1pubmed: 28083632google scholar: lookup
  73. Stomp M, Leroux M, Cellier M, Henry S, Lemasson A, Hausberger M. An unexpected acoustic indicator of positive emotions in horses.. PLoS One 2018;13(7):e0197898.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197898pmc: PMC6040684pubmed: 29995876google scholar: lookup
  74. Hausberger M, Fureix C, Lesimple C. Detecting Horses’ Sickness: In Search of Visible Signs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;175:41–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.09.005google scholar: lookup
  75. Dalla Costa E, Minero M, Lebelt D, Stucke D, Canali E, Leach MC. Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration.. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e92281.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092281pmc: PMC3960217pubmed: 24647606google scholar: lookup
  76. Dalla Costa E, Dai F, Lebelt D, Scholz P, Barbieri S, Canali E, Minero M. Initial outcomes of a harmonized approach to collect welfare data in sport and leisure horses.. Animal 2017 Feb;11(2):254-260.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731116001452pubmed: 27406177google scholar: lookup
  77. Popescu S, Diugan EA, Spinu M. The interrelations of good welfare indicators assessed in working horses and their relationships with the type of work.. Res Vet Sci 2014 Apr;96(2):406-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.12.014pubmed: 24461957google scholar: lookup
  78. Henry S, Hemery D, Richard MA, Hausberger M. Human–Mare Relationships and Behaviour of Foals toward Humans. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2005;93:341–362.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.008google scholar: lookup
  79. Rochais C, Sébilleau M, Houdebine M, Bec P, Hausberger M, Henry S. A novel test for evaluating horses' spontaneous visual attention is predictive of attention in operant learning tasks.. Naturwissenschaften 2017 Aug;104(7-8):61.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-017-1480-6pubmed: 28681089google scholar: lookup
  80. Heleski CR, Shelle AC, Nielsen BD, Zanella AJ. Influence of Housing on Weanling Horse Behavior and Subsequent Welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;78:291–302.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00108-9google scholar: lookup
  81. Bachmann I, Audigé L, Staﾬher M. Risk factors associated with behavioural disorders of crib-biting, weaving and box-walking in Swiss horses.. Equine Vet J 2003 Mar;35(2):158-63.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776114216pubmed: 12638792google scholar: lookup
  82. McGreevy PD, Cripps PJ, French NP, Green LE, Nicol CJ. Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the thoroughbred horse.. Equine Vet J 1995 Mar;27(2):86-91.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03041.xpubmed: 7607155google scholar: lookup
  83. Søndergaard E, Halekoh U. Young Horses’ Reactions to Humans in Relation to Handling and Social Environment. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2003;84:265–280.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.011google scholar: lookup
  84. Søndergaard E, Ladewig J. Group Housing Exerts a Positive Effect on the Behaviour of Young Horses during Training. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2004;87:105–118.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.12.010google scholar: lookup
  85. Visser EK, Ellis AD, Van Reenen CG. The Effect of Two Different Housing Conditions on the Welfare of Young Horses Stabled for the First Time. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2008;114:521–533.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.03.003google scholar: lookup
  86. Rivera E, Benjamin S, Nielsen B, Shelle J, Zanella AJ. Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Horses to Initial Training: The Comparison between Pastured versus Stalled Horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;78:235–252.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00091-6google scholar: lookup
  87. Tinker MK, White NA, Lessard P, Thatcher CD, Pelzer KD, Davis B, Carmel DK. Prospective study of equine colic incidence and mortality.. Equine Vet J 1997 Nov;29(6):448-53.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03157.xpubmed: 9413717google scholar: lookup
  88. Murray MJ, Schusser GF, Pipers FS, Gross SJ. Factors associated with gastric lesions in thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 1996 Sep;28(5):368-74.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03107.xpubmed: 8894534google scholar: lookup
  89. Fureix C, Bourjade M, Henry S, Sankey C, Hausberger M. Exploring Aggression Regulation in Managed Groups of Horses Equus caballus. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2012;138:216–228.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.009google scholar: lookup
  90. Górecka-Bruzda A, Jastrzębska E, Sosnowska Z, Jaworski Z, Jezierski T, Chruszczewski MH. Reactivity to Humans and Fearfulness Tests: Field Validation in Polish Cold Blood Horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2011;133:207–215.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.05.011google scholar: lookup
  91. Maros K, Gácsi M, Miklósi A. Comprehension of human pointing gestures in horses (Equus caballus).. Anim Cogn 2008 Jul;11(3):457-66.
    doi: 10.1007/s10071-008-0136-5pubmed: 18247069google scholar: lookup
  92. Popescu S, Borda C, Oros D, Sandru DC, Spinu M, Giupina R, Diugan E. Human-Animal Relationship: A Comparative Study in Working and Breeding Horses. Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj-Napoca Vet. Med. 2016;73:301.
    doi: 10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12172google scholar: lookup
  93. Wulf M, Aurich J, May AC, Aurich C. Sex Differences in the Response of Yearling Horses to Handling by Unfamiliar Humans. J. Vet. Behav. 2013;8:238–244.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.09.002google scholar: lookup
  94. Snorrason S, Sigurjónsdóttir H, Thórhallsdóttir A, van Dierendonck M. Social Relationships in a Group of Horses without a Mature Stallion. Behaviour 2003;140:783–804.
    doi: 10.1163/156853903322370670google scholar: lookup
  95. VanDierendonck MC, de Vries H, Schilder MBH, Colenbrander B, Þorhallsdóttir AG, Sigurjónsdóttir H. Interventions in Social Behaviour in a Herd of Mares and Geldings. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2009;116:67–73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.07.003google scholar: lookup
  96. Waring GH. Horse Behavior. 2nd ed. 2003.
  97. Boy V, Duncan P. Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses I. Developmental Changes in the Time-Budgets of Foals. Behaviour 1979;71:187–201.
    doi: 10.1163/156853979X00160google scholar: lookup
  98. Christie JL, Hewson CJ, Riley CB, McNiven MA, Dohoo IR, Bate LA. Management factors affecting stereotypies and body condition score in nonracing horses in Prince Edward Island.. Can Vet J 2006 Feb;47(2):136-43.
    pmc: PMC1345728pubmed: 16579039
  99. Hausberger M, Muller C, Lunel C. Does work affect personality? A study in horses.. PLoS One 2011 Feb 9;6(2):e14659.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014659pmc: PMC3036583pubmed: 21347405google scholar: lookup
  100. Mills DS, Alston RD, Rogers V, Longford NT. Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Stereotypic Behaviour amongst Thoroughbred Horses Passing through Auctioneer Sales. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2002;78:115–124.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00096-5google scholar: lookup
  101. Peham C, Hofmann A, Molsner J, Borkenhagen B, Kuhnke S, Baltacis A. Forces Acting on the Horses Back and the Stability of the Rider in Sitting and Rising Trot—A Comparison. Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med. 2008;24:337–342.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20080305google scholar: lookup
  102. Greve L, Dyson SJ. The interrelationship of lameness, saddle slip and back shape in the general sports horse population.. Equine Vet J 2014 Nov;46(6):687-94.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12222pubmed: 24372949google scholar: lookup
  103. Mackechnie-Guire R, Mackechnie-Guire E, Fisher M, Mathie H, Bush R, Pfau T, Weller R. Relationship Between Saddle and Rider Kinematics, Horse Locomotion, and Thoracolumbar Pressures in Sound Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;69:43–52.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.003google scholar: lookup
  104. Minero M, Zucca D, Canali E. A Note on Reaction to Novel Stimulus and Restraint by Therapeutic Riding Horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2006;97:335–342.
    doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.07.004google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Rochais C, Lerch N, Gueguen L, Schmidlin M, Bonamy O, Grandgeorge M, Hausberger M. Horses' Tactile Reactivity Differs According to the Type of Work: The Example of Equine-Assisted Intervention.. Vet Sci 2023 Feb 7;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10020130pubmed: 36851434google scholar: lookup
  2. Gueguen L, Lerch N, Grandgeorge M, Hausberger M. Testing individual variations of horses' tactile reactivity: when, where, how?. Naturwissenschaften 2022 Aug 11;109(5):41.
    doi: 10.1007/s00114-022-01811-ypubmed: 35951112google scholar: lookup
  3. Sabiniewicz A, Białek M, Tarnowska K, Świątek R, Dobrowolska M, Sorokowski P. A Preliminary Investigation of Interspecific Chemosensory Communication of Emotions: Can Humans (Homo sapiens) Recognise Fear- and Non-Fear Body Odour from Horses (Equus ferus caballus).. Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 8;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11123499pubmed: 34944275google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.