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Frontiers in neuroanatomy2016; 10; 97; doi: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00097

Intranasal Location and Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Equine Olfactory Epithelium.

Abstract: The olfactory epithelium (OE) is the only body site where neurons contact directly the environment and are therefore exposed to a broad variation of substances and insults. It can serve as portal of entry for neurotropic viruses which spread via the olfactory pathway to the central nervous system. For horses, it has been proposed and concluded mainly from rodent studies that different viruses, e.g., Borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus can use this route. However, little is yet known about cytoarchitecture, protein expression and the intranasal location of the equine OE. Revealing differences in cytoarchitecture or protein expression pattern in comparison to rodents, canines, or humans might help to explain varying susceptibility to certain intranasal virus infections. On the other hand, disclosing similarities especially between rodents and other species, e.g., horses would help to underscore transferability of rodent models. Analysis of the complete noses of five adult horses revealed that in the equine OE two epithelial subtypes with distinct marker expression exist, designated as types a and b which resemble those previously described in dogs. Detailed statistical analysis was carried out to confirm the results obtained on the descriptive level. The equine OE was predominantly located in caudodorsal areas of the nasal turbinates with a significant decline in rostroventral direction, especially for type a. Immunohistochemically, olfactory marker protein and doublecortin (DCX) expression was found in more cells of OE type a, whereas expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and tropomyosin receptor kinase A was present in more cells of type b. Accordingly, type a resembles the mature epithelium, in contrast to the more juvenile type b. Protein expression profile was comparable to canine and rodent OE but equine types a and b were located differently within the nose and revealed differences in its cytoarchitecture when compared to canine OE. Equine OE type a closely resembles rat OE. Whether the observed differences contribute to species-specific susceptibility to intranasal insults such as virus infections has to be further investigated.
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Publication Date: 2016-10-13 PubMed ID: 27790096PubMed Central: PMC5061740DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00097Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The researchers have examined the structures, protein expression, and nasal locations of the equine olfactory epithelium (OE), the tissue involved in the sense of smell. The study also focus on whether the OE could serve as an entry point for viruses that can affect the central nervous system. The work provides insight into how horse susceptibility to diseases may differ from other animals.

Understanding the Olfactory Epithelium (OE)

  • The olfactory epithelium (OE) is a specialized type of tissue found in animals’ noses responsible for detecting smells.
  • In horses, the OE provides a direct link between the surrounding environment and the neurons in their nervous system.
  • Due to this direct contact, it is possible for the OE to serve as a point of entry for neurotropic viruses, which are viruses that can spread to the central nervous system via the olfactory pathway.

Analysis Methodology and Key Findings

  • The study involved the analysis of the complete noses of five adult horses.
  • Two distinct subtypes of the OE, called and , were identified and found to express different markers.
  • The statistical analysis was performed to confirm the descriptive findings.
  • The subtype was mostly located in the caudodorsal areas of the nasal turbinates, showing a significant decline towards the rostroventral direction.
  • Through Immunohistochemical techniques, the researchers found that the protein expression varied between the two identified subtypes. was observed to have more expression of the olfactory marker protein and doublecortin (DCX), while had a higher expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and tropomyosin receptor kinase A.

Comparative Results and Conclusions

  • Comparison of protein expression profiles revealed that the equine OE corresponds with that of canines and rodents. However, the geographic localization and cytoarchitecture differed, particularly between equine and canine OE.
  • The subtype showed more relation to the mature OE while resembled a more juvenile form.
  • The study suggests that differences in OE might contribute to species-specific susceptibility to intranasal virus infections such as Borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1(EHV-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus.
  • To establish this possibility, further research is needed to understand how these differences could influence susceptibility to viral infections.

Cite This Article

APA
Kupke A, Wenisch S, Failing K, Herden C. (2016). Intranasal Location and Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Equine Olfactory Epithelium. Front Neuroanat, 10, 97. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2016.00097

Publication

Frontiers in neuroanatomy
ISSN: 1662-5129
NlmUniqueID: 101477943
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 97

Researcher Affiliations

Kupke, Alexandra
  • Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University MarburgMarburg, Germany.
Wenisch, Sabine
  • Small Animal Clinic c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen, Germany.
Failing, Klaus
  • Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen, Germany.
Herden, Christiane
  • Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen, Germany.

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