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Veterinary sciences2025; 12(10); 1006; doi: 10.3390/vetsci12101006

Intraocular Tumors in Horses: Diagnosis, Tumor Classification, Oncologic Assessment and Therapy.

Abstract: Intraocular neoplasia in horses is rare and only few case reports and small case series exist. Intraocular neoplasia has various clinical signs and includes important differential diagnoses in ocular disease. This narrative review of the current literature aims to provide a clinically relevant overview and classification of intraocular tumors in horses and adds a comparative oncological perspective concerning diagnosis, treatment and future considerations. The available clinical and imaging examination techniques allow for a reliable and differentiated investigation of the tumor, even in the standing horse, using high-frequency ultrasound or optical coherence tomography, which have gained importance in equine ophthalmology. Sectional imaging techniques, in particular computed tomography, are suitable for the examination of the peribulbar, retrobulbar and orbital structures. Differentiated diagnostics including precise tumor staging (TNM: tumor, node, metastasis) are essential for a general prognostic and therapeutic assessment. The embryologic and anatomic tissue origin of the neoplasm is the basis for clinicopathologic classification. Medulloepithelioma and uveal melanocytic neoplasia are the most common intraocular tissue formations occurring in horses. Whereas melanocytic neoplasia of the iris can be treated surgically, neuroepithelial tumors regularly lead to bulbus extirpation. Other primary intraocular neoplasms are sporadically reported, as well as intraocular metastasis of systemic neoplasia. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are not currently used to treat intraocular neoplasia in horses and need to be further investigated, especially regarding the latest developments in human and small animal medicine. In addition, horses and dogs may serve as models for human oncologic research.
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Publication Date: 2025-10-17 PubMed ID: 41150147PubMed Central: PMC12568005DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12101006Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Intraocular tumors in horses are uncommon and present with various clinical signs, necessitating careful diagnosis and classification for effective treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge on how these tumors are diagnosed, classified, assessed oncologically, and treated in horses, highlighting similarities with other species and potential future therapies.

Overview of Intraocular Neoplasia in Horses

  • Intraocular tumors in horses are rare, with limited case reports and small series documented.
  • They manifest through diverse clinical signs, making differential diagnosis important in ocular diseases.
  • The tumors arise from various embryonic and anatomical origins, which is important for their classification.
  • Medulloepithelioma and uveal melanocytic neoplasia are the most common intraocular tumors in horses.

Diagnostic Techniques

  • Modern imaging methods facilitate reliable diagnosis even in standing horses.
  • High-frequency ultrasound and optical coherence tomography have become important tools in equine ophthalmology.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scans are effective for assessing surrounding tissues like peribulbar, retrobulbar, and orbital regions.
  • Precise tumor staging using the TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is essential for prognosis and deciding treatment options.

Classification and Common Tumor Types

  • Classification depends on the tissue origin of the tumor based on embryologic and anatomic criteria.
  • Uveal melanocytic tumors involve pigmentation-related cells and may affect the iris.
  • Medulloepithelioma is a neuroepithelial tumor frequently necessitating removal of the eyeball (bulbus extirpation).
  • Other primary intraocular tumors are rarely reported; occasionally, tumors may metastasize to the eye from systemic cancers.

Treatment Approaches and Prognosis

  • Surgical removal is effective and preferred for certain melanocytic tumors, particularly those of the iris.
  • Neuroepithelial tumors typically require enucleation due to their aggressive nature.
  • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are not currently standard for treating intraocular tumors in horses, unlike in human or small animal medicine.
  • Further research is necessary to explore the potential of these therapies for equine patients.

Comparative Oncology and Future Directions

  • Horses and dogs have potential as comparative models for human ocular oncology research.
  • Advances in human and small animal cancer treatment might translate to new therapies for equine intraocular neoplasia.
  • Future investigations should focus on integrating chemotherapy and radiation into equine treatment protocols.
  • A multidisciplinary approach involving advanced imaging and tumor staging may improve therapeutic outcomes.

Cite This Article

APA
Ostendarp C, Barton AK. (2025). Intraocular Tumors in Horses: Diagnosis, Tumor Classification, Oncologic Assessment and Therapy. Vet Sci, 12(10), 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12101006

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
PII: 1006

Researcher Affiliations

Ostendarp, Christopher
  • Equine Clinic Hochmoor, Ruthmannstr. 10, 48712 Gescher, Germany.
Barton, Ann Kristin
  • Equine Clinic Hochmoor, Ruthmannstr. 10, 48712 Gescher, Germany.
  • Veterinary Department, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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