Investigation of antigen specific lymphocyte responses in healthy horses vaccinated with an inactivated West Nile virus vaccine.
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus capable of causing encephalitic disease in horses. Unvaccinated horses are at risk for developing WNV disease in endemic geographic regions. Effective vaccination reduces disease frequency and diminishes disease severity in vaccinated individuals that become infected with WNV. Recent data indicate CD4+ lymphocytes are required for effective protection against disease; in particular, cross talk between CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes must be functional. The objective of this project was to investigate immune responses in horses throughout a series of three vaccinations using a commercial inactivated vaccine under natural conditions. Immune responses to vaccination were determined by neutralizing antibody titers with plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), IgM titer (capture ELISA), WNV specific antibody Ig subclass responses, WNV lymphocyte proliferative responses and intracellular cytokine expression. Horses were vaccinated with a series of three vaccines at 3-week intervals using an inactivated product. An initial measure of immune activation following vaccination was determined by evaluating changes in lymphocyte cytokine expression. Interferon (IFN) gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 expressing CD4+ lymphocytes significantly increased 14 days following initial vaccination compared to unvaccinated horses (P<0.05). IFN-gamma expressing CD8+ lymphocytes also increased and remained elevated for 110 days. Antigen specific lymphocyte proliferative responses were significantly increased up to 90 days following the third vaccination (P<0.05). As expected, vaccinated horses produced increased neutralizing antibody based on PRNT data and WNV antigen-specific Ig subclass responses compared with unvaccinated horses (P<0.05). Our data indicate that WNV vaccination with an inactivated product effectively induced an antigen-specific antibody responses, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte activation.
Publication Date: 2008-08-30 PubMed ID: 18838173DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.007Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
Summary
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This study investigates how the immune systems of healthy horses react to a series of three vaccinations for West Nile virus (WNV) given under natural conditions, using a commercially available inactivated vaccine.
Objective of the Study
- This research aims to observe the immune responses in horses throughout a series of three vaccinations using a commercial inactivated West Nile virus vaccine. We aimed to assess these responses via different immune parameters such as neutralizing antibody titers, lymphocyte proliferative reactions, and cytokine expression.
Methodology
- Horses were given three doses of the inactivated WNV vaccine at three-week intervals. The immune responses were determined by various tests such as the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), capture ELISA for IgM titers, and determining WNV specific antibody Ig subclass responses. Changes in lymphocyte cytokine expression were used to measure immune activation following the vaccine.
Findings
- Cytokine production, namely Interferon gamma and Interleukin-4, significantly increased in CD4+ lymphocytes 14 days after the initial vaccination. Interferon gamma production also increased in CD8+ lymphocytes and continued to be elevated for 110 days.
- Antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses were significantly increased up to 90 days after the third vaccination.
- Vaccinated horses produced more neutralizing antibody based on PRNT data and WNV antigen-specific Ig subclass responses than non-vaccinated horses.
Conclusion
- The outcome shows that an inactivated West Nile Virus vaccine can effectively create an antigen-specific antibody response in horses. It also induces the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, which are vital for the body’s immune response. This information is essential because, in endemic regions, unvaccinated horses are at risk for WNV, which can lead to encephalitic diseases. Vaccination with an inactivated vaccine not only reduces the occurrence of the disease but it also decreases disease severity in the event a vaccinated horse gets infected.
Cite This Article
APA
Davis EG, Zhang Y, Tuttle J, Hankins K, Wilkerson M.
(2008).
Investigation of antigen specific lymphocyte responses in healthy horses vaccinated with an inactivated West Nile virus vaccine.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 126(3-4), 293-301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.007 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. edavis@vet.k-state.edu
MeSH Terms
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
- Flow Cytometry / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Immunophenotyping / veterinary
- Interferon-gamma / immunology
- Interleukin-4 / immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay / veterinary
- West Nile Fever / immunology
- West Nile Fever / prevention & control
- West Nile Fever / veterinary
- West Nile Virus Vaccines / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Chaintoutis SC, Diakakis N, Papanastassopoulou M, Banos G, Dovas CI. Evaluation of Cross-Protection of a Lineage 1 West Nile Virus Inactivated Vaccine against Natural Infections from a Virulent Lineage 2 Strain in Horses, under Field Conditions. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2015 Sep;22(9):1040-9.
- Petrovsky N, Larena M, Siddharthan V, Prow NA, Hall RA, Lobigs M, Morrey J. An inactivated cell culture Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-ADVAX) formulated with delta inulin adjuvant provides robust heterologous protection against West Nile encephalitis via cross-protective memory B cells and neutralizing antibody. J Virol 2013 Sep;87(18):10324-33.
- Naveed A, Eertink LG, Wang D, Li F. Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches. Viruses 2024 May 14;16(5).
- Khatibzadeh SM, Gold CB, Keggan AE, Perkins GA, Glaser AL, Dubovi EJ, Wagner B. West Nile virus-specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vaccinated and infected horses. Am J Vet Res 2015 Jan;76(1):92-100.
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