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Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Investigation of two different human d-dimer assays in the h...
BMC veterinary research2022; 18(1); 227; doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03313-5

Investigation of two different human d-dimer assays in the horse.

Abstract: D-dimer has value as a marker of thrombosis in critically ill horses and can provide additional information about prognosis. However, there are currently no equine species-specific d-dimer assays available, nor has there been any formal investigation of the applicability of human d-dimer assays in horses, so it is unknown, which assay performs best in this species. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate and compare two human d-dimer assays for their applicability in horses. The study included four groups of horses: clinically healthy horses, horses with gastrointestinal (GI) disease and mild systemic inflammation based on low serum amyloid A (SAA) (low SAA group), horses with GI disease and strong systemic inflammation based on high SAA (high SAA group) and, horses with thrombotic GI disease caused by Strongylus vulgaris (also called non-strangulating intestinal infarction (NSII)) (NSII group). The assays evaluated were the STAGO STA-Liatest D-di + (Stago) and NycoCard™ D-dimer (NycoCard). Intra- and inter-coefficients of variation (CV) were assessed on two d-dimer concentrations, and linearity under dilution was evaluated. A group comparison was performed for both assays across the four groups of horses. A Spaghetti plot, Spearman Correlation, Passing Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plot were used to compare methods in terms of agreement. Results: Ten horses were included in the clinically healthy group, eight in the low SAA group, eight in the high SAA group, and seven in the NSII group. For the Stago assay, intra- and inter-CVs were below the accepted level except for one inter-CV. The NycoCard assay did not meet the accepted level for any of the CVs. The linearity under dilution was acceptable for both the Stago and NycoCard. In the group comparison, both methods detected a significantly higher d-dimer concentration in the high SAA and NSII groups compared to the clinically healthy group. Method agreement showed slightly higher d-dimer concentrations with NycoCard compared to Stago. The overall agreement was stronger for the lower d-dimer concentrations. Conclusions: Both the Stago and the NycoCard were found to be applicable for use in horses but were not directly comparable.
© 2022. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2022-06-15 PubMed ID: 35705958PubMed Central: PMC9199134DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03313-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research investigates the applicability of two human d-dimer assays, Stago and NycoCard, for use in horses. These are important as markers of thrombosis in critically ill horses, however, due to the lack of equine-specific d-dimer assays, their relative performance in horses has not been previously detailed.

Study Design and Participant Groups

  • The study considered four groups of horses: clinically healthy horses, those with mild and strong systemic inflammation due to gastrointestinal disease based on their serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, and horses with thrombotic gastrointestinal disease caused by Strongylus vulgaris, a specific type of worm.
  • Different groups allowed researchers to compare and contrast the response and accuracy of the d-dimer assays in varying health conditions.

Assessment of Assays

  • Two human d-dimer assays, Stago and NycoCard, were evaluated for their applicability in horses.
  • The researchers measured and compared intra- and inter-coefficients of variation (CV) on two d-dimer concentrations, as well as linearity under dilution with each assay.
  • A group comparison was also carried out to assess how each assay performed across the diverse health conditions of the four horse groups.
  • Method agreement, to check if the results from both assays align, was studied using a Spaghetti plot, Spearman Correlation, Passing Bablok regression, and Bland-Altman plot.

Findings

  • Across the diverse health conditions, both assays could accurately detect significantly higher d-dimer concentration in the high SAA (strong systemic inflammation) and NSII (non-strangulating intestinal infarction) groups as compared to the healthy group.
  • Though the intra- and inter-CVs for the Stago assay were below the accepted level, except for one inter-CV, the NycoCard assay did not meet the accepted level for any of the CVs.
  • The linearity under dilation of both assays was deemed acceptable, indicating that they work properly even when the sample is diluted.
  • The NycoCard produced slightly higher d-dimer concentrations compared to the Stago assay, indicating a minor difference in sensitivity between the two assays.
  • Method agreement was stronger for lower concentrations of d-dimer.

Conclusion

  • Both Stago and NycoCard human d-dimer assays could potentially be used in diagnosing thrombosis in horses.
  • However, the two assays were not directly comparable, most likely because of the differences in their sensitivity and overall performance.
  • Further investigation may be needed to determine which assay might be most suitable in varying health conditions.

Cite This Article

APA
Honoré ML, Pihl TH, Busk-Anderson TM, Flintrup LL, Nielsen LN. (2022). Investigation of two different human d-dimer assays in the horse. BMC Vet Res, 18(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03313-5

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 227
PII: 227

Researcher Affiliations

Honoré, Marie Louise
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUND), University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5a, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark. mlhj@sund.ku.dk.
Pihl, Tina H
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUND), University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5a, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
Busk-Anderson, Tanne M
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUND), University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5a, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
Flintrup, Laura L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUND), University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5a, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
Nielsen, Lise N
  • Section for Internal Medicine, Oncology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (SUND), University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers
  • Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / veterinary
  • Serum Amyloid A Protein / analysis

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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