FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Res Commun / Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world?
Veterinary research communications2023; doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5

Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world?

Abstract: Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes a disease called leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female sandflies. There are several different species of Leishmania that can cause various forms of the disease, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Leishmania parasites have a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles. Leishmaniasis is endemic of 90 countries, mainly in South American, East and West Africa, Mediterranean region, Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. In recent years, cases have been detected in other countries, and it is already an infection present throughout the world. The increase in temperatures due to climate change makes it possible for sandflies to appear in countries with traditionally colder regions, and the easy movement of people and animals today, facilitate the appearance of Leishmania species in new countries. These data mean that leishmaniasis will probably become an emerging zoonosis and a public health problem in the coming years, which we must consider controlling it from a One Health point of view. This review summarizes the prevalence of Leishmania spp. around the world and the current knowledge regarding the animals that could be reservoirs of the parasite.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-07-12 PubMed ID: 37438495PubMed Central: 7064173DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study explores the global prevalence and spread of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies. Due to climate change and increased global movement, the study indicates that leishmaniasis may become a growing public health concern.

Understanding Leishmaniasis

  • Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by Leishmania, a genus of parasitic protozoa. It is transmitted to humans when they are bitten by infected female sandflies.
  • There are various species of Leishmania that can cause different forms of the disease. The severity of the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the specific Leishmania species involved and the host’s immune response.

Reservoirs and Geographical Spread of Leishmaniasis

  • The Leishmania parasites exist in a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles.
  • Leishmaniasis can be found in 90 countries, primarily in South America, East and West Africa, the Mediterranean region, the Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. However, cases have been detected worldwide.

Leishmaniasis as an Emerging Zoonosis

  • Due to rising temperatures from climate change, sandflies can now survive in countries traditionally regarded as colder regions. This increases the likelihood of the Leishmania parasite appearing in these countries.
  • The easy movement of people and animals globally facilitates the spread of Leishmania species to new countries, potentially making leishmaniasis a global public health concern.
  • The study suggests that leishmaniasis will likely become an emerging zoonosis and should be controlled from a One Health perspective, which highlights the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

Current Knowledge and Prevalence of Leishmania

  • The review concludes by summarizing the current knowledge regarding animals that could serve as reservoirs for the Leishmania parasite.
  • It underscores the need to understand the prevalence of various Leishmania species globally, thereby informing efforts to combat this potential emerging zoonosis.

Cite This Article

APA
Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat L. (2023). Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5

Publication

Veterinary research communications
ISSN: 1573-7446
NlmUniqueID: 8100520
Country: Switzerland
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Montaner-Angoiti, Esperanza
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Llobat, Lola
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain. maria.llobatbordes@uchceu.es.

Grant Funding

  • PUENTE22-01 / Universidad Cardenal Herrera

References

This article includes 240 references
  1. Abbate JM, Arfuso F, Napoli E, Gaglio G, Giannetto S, Latrofa MS, Otranto D, Brianti E. Leishmania infantum in wild animals in endemic areas of southern Italy.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Dec;67:101374.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101374pubmed: 31707163google scholar: lookup
  2. Abbate JM, Maia C, Pereira A, Arfuso F, Gaglio G, Rizzo M, Caracappa G, Marino G, Pollmeier M, Giannetto S, Brianti E. Identification of trypanosomatids and blood feeding preferences of phlebotomine sand fly species common in Sicily, Southern Italy.. PLoS One 2020;15(3):e0229536.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229536pubmed: 32155171pmc: 7064173google scholar: lookup
  3. Abranches P, Conceição Silva FM, Ribeiro MM, Lopes FJ, Gomes LT. Kala-azar in Portugal--IV. The wild reservoir: the isolation of a Leishmania from a fox.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77(3):420-1.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(83)90177-3pubmed: 6623600google scholar: lookup
  4. Acardi SA, Rago MV, Liotta DJ, Fernandez-Duque E, Salomón OD. Leishmania (Viannia) DNA detection by PCR-RFLP and sequencing in free-ranging owl monkeys (Aotus azarai azarai) from Formosa, Argentina.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Mar 31;193(1-3):256-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.012pubmed: 23305973google scholar: lookup
  5. Aguilar CM, Rangel EF. [Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mule (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) in an endemic area of the State of Rio de Janeiro].. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1986 Apr-Jun;81(2):239-40.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761986000200017pubmed: 3587005google scholar: lookup
  6. Aguilar CM, Rangel EF, Grimaldi Filho G, Momem H. Human, canine and equine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in an endemic area in the State of Rio de Janeiro.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jan-Mar;82(1):143.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761987000100024pubmed: 3507562google scholar: lookup
  7. Ahuir-Baraja AE, Ruiz MP, Garijo MM, Llobat L. Feline Leishmaniosis: An Emerging Public Health Problem.. Vet Sci 2021 Aug 30;8(9).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8090173pubmed: 34564567pmc: 8473070google scholar: lookup
  8. Akhoundi M, Kuhls K, Cannet A, Votýpka J, Marty P, Delaunay P, Sereno D. A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 Mar;10(3):e0004349.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004349pubmed: 26937644pmc: 4777430google scholar: lookup
  9. Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis.. Mol Aspects Med 2017 Oct;57:1-29.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012pubmed: 28159546google scholar: lookup
  10. Alcover MM, Ribas A, Guillén MC, Berenguer D, Tomás-Pérez M, Riera C, Fisa R. Wild mammals as potential silent reservoirs of Leishmania infantum in a Mediterranean area.. Prev Vet Med 2020 Feb;175:104874.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104874pubmed: 31901603google scholar: lookup
  11. Alcover MM, Basurco A, Fernandez A, Riera C, Fisa R, Gonzalez A, Verde M, Garrido AM, Ruíz H, Yzuel A, Villanueva-Saz S. A cross-sectional study of Leishmania infantum infection in stray cats in the city of Zaragoza (Spain) using serology and PCR.. Parasit Vectors 2021 Mar 25;14(1):178.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04682-wpubmed: 33766113pmc: 7992781google scholar: lookup
  12. Alhajj M, Zubair M, Farhana A. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. StatPearls 2023 Apr 23.
  13. Almeida JC, Melo RPB, Kim PCP, Guerra NR, Alves LC, Costa DF, Alves CJ, Porto WJN, Mota RA. Molecular and serological investigation of infectious diseases in captive and free-range crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous - Linnaeus, 1776) from northeastern Brazil.. Acta Parasitol 2018 Mar 26;63(1):184-189.
    doi: 10.1515/ap-2018-0021pubmed: 29351073google scholar: lookup
  14. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, den Boer M. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence.. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e35671.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671pubmed: 22693548pmc: 3365071google scholar: lookup
  15. Alvar J, den Boer M, Dagne DA. Towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in east Africa: reflections on an enhanced control strategy and a call for action.. Lancet Glob Health 2021 Dec;9(12):e1763-e1769.
    doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00392-2pubmed: 34798033pmc: 8609279google scholar: lookup
  16. Alves Souza N, Souza Leite R, de Oliveira Silva S, Groenner Penna M, Figueiredo Felicori Vilela L, Melo MN, de Andrade ASR. Detection of mixed Leishmania infections in dogs from an endemic area in southeastern Brazil.. Acta Trop 2019 May;193:12-17.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.016pubmed: 30772331google scholar: lookup
  17. Antoniou M, Haralambous C, Mazeris A, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Soteriadou K. Leishmania donovani leishmaniasis in Cyprus.. Lancet Infect Dis 2009 Feb;9(2):76-7.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70004-0pubmed: 19179221google scholar: lookup
  18. Antoniou M, Gramiccia M, Molina R, Dvorak V, Volf P. The role of indigenous phlebotomine sandflies and mammals in the spreading of leishmaniasis agents in the Mediterranean region.. Euro Surveill 2013 Jul 25;18(30):20540.
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.30.20540pubmed: 23929183google scholar: lookup
  19. Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review.. Parasite 2014;21:14.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2014014pubmed: 24626301pmc: 3952656google scholar: lookup
  20. Aransay AM, Ready PD, Morillas-Marquez F. Population differentiation of Phlebotomus perniciosus in Spain following postglacial dispersal.. Heredity (Edinb) 2003 Apr;90(4):316-25.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800246pubmed: 12692585google scholar: lookup
  21. Arias JR, Naiff RD. The principal reservoir host of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the urban areas of Manaus, Central Amazon of Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1981 Jul-Sep;76(3):279-86.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761981000300005pubmed: 7348777google scholar: lookup
  22. Azami-Conesa I, Martínez-Díaz RA, González F, Gómez-Muñoz MT. First detection of Leishmania infantum in common urban bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus in Europe.. Res Vet Sci 2020 Oct;132:172-176.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.019pubmed: 32593861google scholar: lookup
  23. Azami-Conesa I, Gómez-Muñoz MT, Martínez-Díaz RA. A Systematic Review (1990-2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania.. Microorganisms 2021 May 20;9(5).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9051101pubmed: 34065456pmc: 8160881google scholar: lookup
  24. Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Leishmaniasis.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022 Nov;52(6):1359-1375.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.012pubmed: 36336425google scholar: lookup
  25. Bart A, van Thiel PP, de Vries HJ, Hodiamont CJ, Van Gool T. Imported leishmaniasis in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012: epidemiology, diagnostic techniques and sequence-based species typing from 195 patients.. Euro Surveill 2013 Jul 25;18(30):20544.
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.30.20544pubmed: 23929178google scholar: lookup
  26. Bates PA. Revising Leishmania's life cycle.. Nat Microbiol 2018 May;3(5):529-530.
    doi: 10.1038/s41564-018-0154-2pubmed: 29693656google scholar: lookup
  27. Beck A, Beck R, Kusak J, Gudan A, Martinkovic F, Artukovic B, Hohsteter M, Huber D, Marinculic A, Grabarevic Z. A case of visceral leishmaniosis in a gray wolf (Canis lupus) from Croatia.. J Wildl Dis 2008 Apr;44(2):451-6.
    doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.451pubmed: 18436678google scholar: lookup
  28. Beniklef R, Aoun K, Boudrissa K, Ben Abid M, Cherif K, Aissi W, Benrekta S, Boubidi SC, Späth GF, Bouratbine A, Sereno D, Harrat Z. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria; Highlight on the Focus of M'Sila.. Microorganisms 2021 Apr 29;9(5).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050962pubmed: 33947003google scholar: lookup
  29. Berriatua E, Maia C, Conceição C, Özbel Y, Töz S, Baneth G, Pérez-Cutillas P, Ortuño M, Muñoz C, Jumakanova Z, Pereira A, Rocha R, Monge-Maillo B, Gasimov E, Van der Stede Y, Torres G, Gossner CM. Leishmaniases in the European Union and Neighboring Countries.. Emerg Infect Dis 2021 Jun;27(6):1723-7.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2706.210239pubmed: 34013857pmc: 8153892google scholar: lookup
  30. Berzunza-Cruz M, Bricaire G, Romero SZ, Pérez-Becker R, Saavedra-Lira E, Pérez-Montfort R, Crippa-Rossi M, Velasco-Castrejón O, Becker I. Leishmania mexicana mexicana: genetic heterogeneity of mexican isolates revealed by restriction length polymorphism analysis of kinetoplast DNA.. Exp Parasitol 2000 Aug;95(4):277-84.
    doi: 10.1006/expr.2000.4541pubmed: 11038311google scholar: lookup
  31. Berzunza-Cruz M, Bricaire G, Salaiza Suazo N, Pérez-Montfort R, Becker I. PCR for identification of species causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis.. Parasitol Res 2009 Feb;104(3):691-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1247-2pubmed: 19002715google scholar: lookup
  32. Berzunza-Cruz M, Rodríguez-Moreno Á, Gutiérrez-Granados G, González-Salazar C, Stephens CR, Hidalgo-Mihart M, Marina CF, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Bailón-Martínez D, Balcells CD, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I. Leishmania (L.) mexicana infected bats in Mexico: novel potential reservoirs.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015 Jan;9(1):e0003438.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003438pubmed: 25629729pmc: 4309399google scholar: lookup
  33. Bettini S, Pozio E, Gradoni L. Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): (II) Leishmania form wild Bodentia and Carnivora in a human and canine leishmaniasis focus.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74(1):77-83.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90015-2pubmed: 7434419google scholar: lookup
  34. Bilbao-Ramos P, Dea-Ayuela MA, Cardenas-Alegría O, Salamanca E, Santalla-Vargas JA, Benito C, Flores N, Bolás-Fernández F. Leishmaniasis in the major endemic region of Plurinational State of Bolivia: Species identification, phylogeography and drug susceptibility implications.. Acta Trop 2017 Dec;176:150-161.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.026pubmed: 28751163google scholar: lookup
  35. Boggild AK, Caumes E, Grobusch MP, Schwartz E, Hynes NA, Libman M, Connor BA, Chakrabarti S, Parola P, Keystone JS, Nash T, Showler AJ, Schunk M, Asgeirsson H, Hamer DH, Kain KC. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers and migrants: a 20-year GeoSentinel Surveillance Network analysis.. J Travel Med 2019 Dec 23;26(8).
    doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz055pubmed: 31553455pmc: 7353840google scholar: lookup
  36. Buitrago R, Cupolillo E, Bastrenta B, Le Pont F, Martinez E, Barnabé C, Brenière SF. PCR-RFLP of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers highlights inter and intra-species variation among Leishmania strains native to La Paz, Bolivia.. Infect Genet Evol 2011 Apr;11(3):557-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.11.019pubmed: 21138774google scholar: lookup
  37. Calvopina M, Armijos RX, Marco JD, Uezato H, Kato H, Gomez EA, Korenaga M, Barroso PA, Mimori T, Cooper PJ, Nonaka S, Hashiguchi Y. Leishmania isoenzyme polymorphisms in Ecuador: relationships with geographic distribution and clinical presentation.. BMC Infect Dis 2006 Sep 13;6:139.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-139pubmed: 16968553pmc: 1578576google scholar: lookup
  38. Campino L, Maia C. The role of reservoirs: canine leishmaniasis. 2018 59–83.
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74186-4_3google scholar: lookup
  39. Cantos-Barreda A, Navarro R, Pardo-Marín L, Martínez-Subiela S, Ortega E, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Escribano D. Clinical leishmaniosis in a captive Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Spain: a case report.. BMC Vet Res 2020 Aug 27;16(1):312.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02509-xpubmed: 32854701pmc: 7450804google scholar: lookup
  40. Cássia-Pires R, Boité MC, D'Andrea PS, Herrera HM, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, Roque AL. Distinct Leishmania species infecting wild caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) from Brazil.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Dec;8(12):e3389.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003389pubmed: 25503973pmc: 4263410google scholar: lookup
  41. Castillo-Ureta H, Zazueta-Moreno JM, Rendón-Maldonado JG, Torres-Avendaño JI, López-Moreno HS, Olimón-Andalón V, Salomón-Soto VM, Pérez-Sánchez FP, Torres-Montoya EH. First report of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) mexicana in Sinaloa, Mexico.. Acta Trop 2019 Feb;190:253-256.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.027pubmed: 30500369google scholar: lookup
  42. Chable-Santos JB, Van Wynsberghe NR, Canto-Lara SB, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. Isolation of Leishmania (L.) mexicana from wild rodents and their possible role in the transmission of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Campeche, Mexico.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Aug;53(2):141-5.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.53.141pubmed: 7677214google scholar: lookup
  43. Chitimia L, Muñoz-García CI, Sánchez-Velasco D, Lizana V, Del Río L, Murcia L, Fisa R, Riera C, Giménez-Font P, Jiménez-Montalbán P, Martínez-Ramírez A, Meseguer-Meseguer JM, García-Bacete I, Sánchez-Isarria MA, Sanchis-Monsonís G, García-Martínez JD, Vicente V, Segovia M, Berriatua E. Cryptic Leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum, a feature of canines only? A study of natural infection in wild rabbits, humans and dogs in southeastern Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2011 Sep 8;181(1):12-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.016pubmed: 21592669google scholar: lookup
  44. Clarke CF, Bradley KK, Wright JH, Glowicz J. Case report: Emergence of autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Texas and southeastern Oklahoma.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Jan;88(1):157-61.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0717pubmed: 23185078pmc: 3541728google scholar: lookup
  45. Copa GN, Almazán MC, Aramayo LV, Krolewiecki AJ, Cajal SP, Juarez M, Lauthier JJ, Korenaga M, Barroso P, Nasser JR, Marco JD, Gil JF. Tegumentary leishmaniasis and sand flies in a border area between Argentina and Bolivia.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019 Feb 1;113(2):91-100.
    doi: 10.1093/trstmh/try113pubmed: 30418628google scholar: lookup
  46. Correa-Cárdenas CA, Pérez J, Patino LH, Ramírez JD, Duque MC, Romero Y, Cantillo-Barraza O, Rodríguez O, Alvarado MT, Cruz C, Méndez C. Distribution, treatment outcome and genetic diversity of Leishmania species in military personnel from Colombia with cutaneous leishmaniasis.. BMC Infect Dis 2020 Dec 9;20(1):938.
    doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05529-ypubmed: 33297972pmc: 7724885google scholar: lookup
  47. Corredor A, Gallego JF, Tesh RB, Peláez D, Diaz A, Montilla M, Paláu MT. Didelphis marsupialis, an apparent wild reservoir of Leishmania donovani chagasi in Colombia, South America.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989 Mar-Apr;83(2):195.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90640-8pubmed: 2609371google scholar: lookup
  48. Curtin JM, Aronson NE. Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity.. Microorganisms 2021 Mar 11;9(3).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030578pubmed: 33799892pmc: 7998217google scholar: lookup
  49. Dahroug MA, Almeida AB, Sousa VR, Dutra V, Turbino NC, Nakazato L, de Souza RL. Leishmania(Leishmania) chagasi in captive wild felids in Brazil.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jan;104(1):73-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.08.003pubmed: 19740501google scholar: lookup
  50. Dahroug MA, Almeida AB, Sousa VR, Dutra V, Guimarães LD, Soares CE, Nakazato L, de Souza RL. The first case report of Leishmania (leishmania) chagasi in Panthera leo in Brazil.. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011 Jun;1(3):249-50.
    doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60036-1pubmed: 23569768pmc: 3609183google scholar: lookup
  51. Dantas-Torres F. The role of dogs as reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, with emphasis on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Nov 10;149(3-4):139-46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.007pubmed: 17703890google scholar: lookup
  52. de Vries HJC, Schallig HD. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments.. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022 Nov;23(6):823-840.
    doi: 10.1007/s40257-022-00726-8pubmed: 36103050pmc: 9472198google scholar: lookup
  53. Araujo-Pereira T, Pita-Pereira D, Moreira RB, Silva-Galdino T, Duarte MPO, Brazil RP, Britto C. Molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Acre State in the Amazonian Region of Brazil.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018 May-Jun;51(3):376-381.
    doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0232-2017pubmed: 29972573google scholar: lookup
  54. de Camargo-Neves VLF, Calemes EB, Rodas LAC, Galvis-Ovallos F, Silva LJD. Control of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Success Case Based on Deltamethrin 4% Collars.. Epidemiologia (Basel) 2021 Oct 14;2(4):502-518.
    doi: 10.3390/epidemiologia2040035pubmed: 36417213pmc: 9620925google scholar: lookup
  55. Rovirosa-Hernández Mde J, Cortes-Ortíz L, García-Orduña F, Guzmán-Gómez D, López-Monteon A, Caba M, Ramos-Ligonio A. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana in free-ranging howler monkeys in southeastern Mexico.. Am J Primatol 2013 Feb;75(2):161-9.
    doi: 10.1002/ajp.22094pubmed: 23165742google scholar: lookup
  56. Silva Rde C, Ramos RA, Pimentel Dde S, Oliveira GM, Carvalho GA, Santana Mde A, Faustino MA, Alves LC. Detection of antibodies against Leishmania infantum in cats (Felis catus) from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014 Jan-Feb;47(1):108-9.
    doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0005-2012pubmed: 24603746google scholar: lookup
  57. Del Río L, Chitimia L, Cubas A, Victoriano I, De la Rúa P, Gerrikagoitia X, Barral M, Muñoz-García CI, Goyena E, García-Martínez D, Fisa R, Riera C, Murcia L, Segovia M, Berriatua E. Evidence for widespread Leishmania infantum infection among wild carnivores in L. infantum periendemic northern Spain.. Prev Vet Med 2014 Mar 1;113(4):430-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.12.001pubmed: 24380572google scholar: lookup
  58. Derghal M, Tebai A, Balti G, Souguir-Omrani H, Chemkhi J, Rhim A, Bouattour A, Guizani I, M'Ghirbi Y, Guerbouj S. High-resolution melting analysis identifies reservoir hosts of zoonotic Leishmania parasites in Tunisia.. Parasit Vectors 2022 Jan 8;15(1):12.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05138-xpubmed: 34996507pmc: 8742351google scholar: lookup
  59. Dias ES, Regina-Silva S, França-Silva JC, Paz GF, Michalsky EM, Araújo SC, Valadão JL, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, de Oliveira FS, Pacheco RS, Fortes-Dias CL. Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the urban area of Paracatu, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2011 Mar 10;176(2-3):101-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.014pubmed: 21146311google scholar: lookup
  60. Dipineto L, Manna L, Baiano A, Gala M, Fioretti A, Gravino AE, Menna LF. Presence of Leishmania infantum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southern Italy.. J Wildl Dis 2007 Jul;43(3):518-20.
    doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-43.3.518pubmed: 17699092google scholar: lookup
  61. Dixit KK, Ramesh V, Gupta R, Negi NS, Singh R, Salotra P. Real-Time Fluorimetry Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis and as a Tool for Assessment of Cure for Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021 Apr 19;104(6):2097-2107.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1057pubmed: 33872204pmc: 8176493google scholar: lookup
  62. El Idrissi Saik I, Benlabsir C, Fellah H. Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover?. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022 16:e0010009.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010009google scholar: lookup
  63. Elmahallawy EK, Sampedro Martinez A, Rodriguez-Granger J, Hoyos-Mallecot Y, Agil A, Navarro Mari JM, Gutierrez Fernandez J. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis.. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014 Aug 13;8(8):961-72.
    doi: 10.3855/jidc.4310pubmed: 25116660google scholar: lookup
  64. Escobar TA, Dowich G, Dos Santos TP, Zuravski L, Duarte CA, Lübeck I, Manfredini V. Assessment of Leishmania infantum infection in equine populations in a canine visceral leishmaniosis transmission area.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 30;15(1):381.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2108-1pubmed: 31666069pmc: 6821015google scholar: lookup
  65. Evans A, Bongiorno G, Fourie JJ, Lekouch N, Bianchi R, Khoury C, Thomas E, Chiummo R, Gradoni F. Elevated and sustained anti-feeding effect of Scalibor® deltamethrin collar against the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs confirmed for 1 year following treatment. Med Vet Entolomol 2021 36(1):14–19.
    doi: 10.1111/mve.12545google scholar: lookup
  66. Falqueto A, Varejão JB, Sessa PA. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a horse (Equus caballus) from endemic area in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987 Jul-Sep;82(3):443.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761987000300020pubmed: 3507577google scholar: lookup
  67. Fernández MS, Fraschina J, Acardi S, Liotta DJ, Lestani E, Giuliani M, Busch M, Salomón OD. Assessment of the role of small mammals in the transmission cycle of tegumentary leishmaniasis and first report of natural infection with Leishmania braziliensis in two sigmodontines in northeastern Argentina.. Parasitol Res 2018 Feb;117(2):405-412.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5714-5pubmed: 29264720google scholar: lookup
  68. Fernández-Bellon H, Solano-Gallego L, Bardagí M, Alberola J, Ramis A, Ferrer L. Immune response to Leishmania infantum in healthy horses in Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Jan 30;135(2):181-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.09.007pubmed: 16213661google scholar: lookup
  69. Figueroa RA, Lozano LE, Romero IC, Cardona MT, Prager M, Pacheco R, Diaz YR, Tellez JA, Saravia NG. Detection of Leishmania in unaffected mucosal tissues of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species.. J Infect Dis 2009 Aug 15;200(4):638-46.
    doi: 10.1086/600109pubmed: 19569974google scholar: lookup
  70. Galán-Puchades MT, Gómez-Samblás M, Suárez-Morán JM, Osuna A, Sanxis-Furió J, Pascual J, Bueno-Marí R, Franco S, Peracho V, Montalvo T, Fuentes MV. Leishmaniasis in Norway Rats in Sewers, Barcelona, Spain.. Emerg Infect Dis 2019 Jun;25(6):1222-1224.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2506.181027pubmed: 31107216pmc: 6537722google scholar: lookup
  71. Galluzzi L, Ceccarelli M, Diotallevi A, Menotta M, Magnani M. Real-time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis.. Parasit Vectors 2018 May 2;11(1):273.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2859-8pubmed: 29716641pmc: 5930967google scholar: lookup
  72. García Bustos MF, González-Prieto G, Ramos F, Mora MC, Hashiguchi Y, Parodi C, Basombrío MA, Moreno S, Monroig S, Beckar J, Jaime D, Sajama J, Yeo M, Marco JD, Locatelli FM, Barrio A. Clinical and epidemiological features of leishmaniasis in northwestern-Argentina through a retrospective analysis of recent cases.. Acta Trop 2016 Feb;154:125-32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.11.008pubmed: 26611809google scholar: lookup
  73. Gazzonis AL, Bertero F, Moretta I, Morganti G, Mortarino M, Villa L, Zanzani SA, Morandi B, Rinnovati R, Vitale F, Manfredi MT, Cardoso L, Veronesi F. Detecting antibodies to Leishmania infantum in horses from areas with different epizooticity levels of canine leishmaniosis and a retrospective revision of Italian data.. Parasit Vectors 2020 Oct 22;13(1):530.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04385-8pubmed: 33092640pmc: 7583181google scholar: lookup
  74. Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M. The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries. Rev Front Publ Health 2020 8:11.
    doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00011google scholar: lookup
  75. Gicheru MM, Jeneby MM, Macharia JC, Carlsson HE, Suleman MA. Prevalence of antibodies and cell mediated immune response against Leishmania major in feral nonhuman primates from Kenya.. Acta Trop 2009 Feb;109(2):136-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.020pubmed: 18983806google scholar: lookup
  76. Giner J, Villanueva-Saz S, Fernández A, Gómez MA, Podra M, Lizarraga P, Lacasta D, Ruiz H, Del Carmen Aranda M, de Los Ángeles Jimenez M, Hernández R, Yzuel A, Verde M. Detection of Anti-Leishmania infantum Antibodies in Wild European and American Mink (Mustela lutreola and Neovison vison) from Northern Spain, 2014-20.. J Wildl Dis 2022 Jan 1;58(1):198-204.
    doi: 10.7589/JWD-D-21-00027pubmed: 34818406google scholar: lookup
  77. Gomes J, Rocha H, Carvalho C, Bandeira V, Fonseca C, Rosalino LM, Cunha MV. Molecular detection and characterization of Leishmania infantum in free-ranging Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon).. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020 Apr;11:158-162.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.001pubmed: 32071863pmc: 7016331google scholar: lookup
  78. Gómez-Hernández C, Bento EC, Rezende-Oliveira K, Nascentes GAN, Barbosa CG, Batista LR, Tiburcio MGS, Pedrosa AL, Lages-Silva E, Ramírez JD, Ramirez LE. Leishmania infection in bats from a non-endemic region of Leishmaniasis in Brazil.. Parasitology 2017 Dec;144(14):1980-1986.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182017001500pubmed: 28831941google scholar: lookup
  79. Gonçalves SC, Régis-da-Silva CG, Brito M. Application of the mammalian glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene for sample quality control in multiplex PCR for diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2012 18:188–197.
    doi: 10.1590/S1678-91992012000200009google scholar: lookup
  80. Grimaldi G Jr, David JR, McMahon-Pratt D. Identification and distribution of New World Leishmania species characterized by serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987 Mar;36(2):270-87.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.270pubmed: 3826486google scholar: lookup
  81. Grimaldi G Jr, Momen H, Naiff RD, McMahon-Pratt D, Barrett TV. Characterization and classification of leishmanial parasites from humans, wild mammals, and sand flies in the Amazon region of Brazil.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Jun;44(6):645-61.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1991.44.645pubmed: 1858968google scholar: lookup
  82. Guimarães-E-Silva AS, Silva SO, Ribeiro da Silva RC, Pinheiro VCS, Rebêlo JMM, Melo MN. Leishmania infection and blood food sources of phlebotomines in an area of Brazil endemic for visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis.. PLoS One 2017;12(8):e0179052.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179052pubmed: 28837565pmc: 5570267google scholar: lookup
  83. Guiraldi LM, Dos Santos WJ, Manzini S, Taha NEHA, Aires IN, Ribeiro E, Tokuda M, de Medeiros MIM, Richini-Pereira VB, Lucheis SB. Identification of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis in captive primates from a zoo in Brazil.. Am J Primatol 2022 May;84(4-5):e23376.
    doi: 10.1002/ajp.23376pubmed: 35384010google scholar: lookup
  84. Hamad I, Forestier CL, Peeters M, Delaporte E, Raoult D, Bittar F. Wild gorillas as a potential reservoir of Leishmania major.. J Infect Dis 2015 Jan 15;211(2):267-73.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu380pubmed: 25001460google scholar: lookup
  85. Harris E, Kropp G, Belli A, Rodriguez B, Agabian N. Single-step multiplex PCR assay for characterization of New World Leishmania complexes.. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Jul;36(7):1989-95.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.7.1989-1995.1998pubmed: 9650950pmc: 104966google scholar: lookup
  86. Helhazar M, Leitão J, Duarte A, Tavares L, da Fonseca IP. Natural infection of synathropic rodent species Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus by Leishmania infantum in Sesimbra and Sintra--Portugal.. Parasit Vectors 2013 Apr 8;6:88.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-88pubmed: 23566789pmc: 3639096google scholar: lookup
  87. Herrera G, Higuera A, Patiño LH, Ayala MS, Ramírez JD. Description of Leishmania species among dogs and humans in Colombian Visceral Leishmaniasis outbreaks.. Infect Genet Evol 2018 Oct;64:135-138.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.023pubmed: 29936036google scholar: lookup
  88. Herrera G, Barragán N, Luna N, Martínez D, De Martino F, Medina J, Niño S, Páez L, Ramírez A, Vega L, Velandia V, Vera M, Zúñiga MF, Bottin MJ, Ramírez JD. An interactive database of Leishmania species distribution in the Americas.. Sci Data 2020 Apr 3;7(1):110.
    doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-0451-5pubmed: 32245983pmc: 7125201google scholar: lookup
  89. Hoyos J, González R, Cuellar ME, León C. Ecology of Sand Flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and Natural Infection of Pintomyia townsendi With Leishmania amazonensis in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Colombia.. J Med Entomol 2020 Sep 7;57(5):1653-1658.
    doi: 10.1093/jme/tjaa056pubmed: 32222761google scholar: lookup
  90. Humberg RM, Oshiro ET, Cruz Mdo S, Ribolla PE, Alonso DP, Ferreira AM, Bonamigo RA, Tasso N Jr, de Oliveira AG. Leishmania chagasi in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) in an urban area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Sep;87(3):470-2.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0534pubmed: 22802435pmc: 3435349google scholar: lookup
  91. Iatta R, Zatelli A, Laricchiuta P, Legrottaglie M, Modry D, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Leishmania infantum in Tigers and Sand Flies from a Leishmaniasis-Endemic Area, Southern Italy.. Emerg Infect Dis 2020 Jun;26(6):1311-1314.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2606.191668pubmed: 32441622pmc: 7258470google scholar: lookup
  92. Iatta R, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Latrofa MS, Cascio A, Brianti E, Pombi M, Gabrielli S, Otranto D. Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania infantum in humans, dogs and cats in the Pelagie archipelago, southern Italy.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 Sep;15(9):e0009817.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009817pubmed: 34555036pmc: 8491888google scholar: lookup
  93. Iatta R, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Latrofa MS, Cascio A, Brianti E, Pombi M, Gabrielli S, Otranto D. Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania infantum in humans, dogs and cats in the Pelagie archipelago, southern Italy.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 Sep;15(9):e0009817.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009817pubmed: 34555036pmc: 8491888google scholar: lookup
  94. Ibarra-Meneses AV, Carrillo E, Nieto J, Sánchez C, Ortega S, Estirado A, Latasa Zamalloa P, Sanz JC, García-Comas L, Ordobás M, Moreno J. Prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and associated risk factors, after an outbreak in the south-western Madrid region, Spain, 2015.. Euro Surveill 2019 May;24(22).
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.22.1800379pubmed: 31164191pmc: 6549460google scholar: lookup
  95. Jones CM, Welburn SC. Leishmaniasis Beyond East Africa.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:618766.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.618766pubmed: 33732738pmc: 7959848google scholar: lookup
  96. Kantzoura V, Diakou A, Kouam MK, Feidas H, Theodoropoulou H, Theodoropoulos G. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with zoonotic parasitic infections in small ruminants in the Greek temperate environment.. Parasitol Int 2013 Dec;62(6):554-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.08.010pubmed: 23994572google scholar: lookup
  97. Kato H, Calvopiña M, Criollo H, Hashiguchi Y. First human cases of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi infection in Ecuador and identification of its suspected vector species.. Acta Trop 2013 Dec;128(3):710-3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.001pubmed: 24044975google scholar: lookup
  98. Kato H, Bone AE, Mimori T, Hashiguchi K, Shiguango GF, Gonzales SV, Velez LN, Guevara AG, Gomez EA, Hashiguchi Y. First Human Cases of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Infection and a Search for the Vector Sand Flies in Ecuador.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016 May;10(5):e0004728.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004728pubmed: 27191391pmc: 4871579google scholar: lookup
  99. Kayani B, Sadiq S, Rashid HB, Ahmed N, Mahmood A, Khaliq MS, Maqsood R, Rashid H, Hasan S, Mushtaq MH, Zia UU, Chaudhry M. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy.. BMC Infect Dis 2021 Jun 30;21(1):622.
    doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06327-wpubmed: 34193071pmc: 8243581google scholar: lookup
  100. Kaye PM, Mohan S, Mantel C, Malhame M, Revill P, Le Rutte E, Parkash V, Layton AM, Lacey CJN, Malvolti S. Overcoming roadblocks in the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis.. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021 Nov;20(11):1419-1430.
    doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1990043pubmed: 34727814pmc: 9844205google scholar: lookup
  101. Kenubih A, Dagnachew S, Almaw G, Abebe T, Takele Y, Hailu A, Lemma W. Preliminary survey of domestic animal visceral leishmaniasis and risk factors in north-west Ethiopia.. Trop Med Int Health 2015 Feb;20(2):205-10.
    doi: 10.1111/tmi.12418pubmed: 25327874google scholar: lookup
  102. Klatt S, Simpson L, Maslov DA, Konthur Z. Leishmania tarentolae: Taxonomic classification and its application as a promising biotechnological expression host.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Jul;13(7):e0007424.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007424pubmed: 31344033pmc: 6657821google scholar: lookup
  103. Knight CA, Harris DR, Alshammari SO, Gugssa A, Young T, Lee CM. Leishmaniasis: Recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East.. Front Microbiol 2022;13:1052478.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052478pubmed: 36817103google scholar: lookup
  104. Koehler K, Stechele M, Hetzel U, Domingo M, Schönian G, Zahner H, Burkhardt E. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum.. Vet Parasitol 2002 Oct 16;109(1-2):9-17.
    doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00246-7pubmed: 12383621google scholar: lookup
  105. Kumar A, Saurabh S, Jamil S, Kumar V. Intensely clustered outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in a setting of seasonal migration in a village of Bihar, India.. BMC Infect Dis 2020 Jan 6;20(1):10.
    doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4719-3pubmed: 31906924google scholar: lookup
  106. Kumosani TA, Al-Bogami TJ, Barbour EK, Alshehri SH, Yaghmoor SS, Alshareef NA, El-Say KM, Moselhy SS. Leishmaniasis prevalence, awareness and control in Saudi Arabia.. Afr Health Sci 2022 Sep;22(3):640-647.
    doi: 10.4314/ahs.v22i3.68pubmed: 36910416pmc: 9993305google scholar: lookup
  107. Lago J, Silva JA, Borja L, Fraga DBM, Schriefer A, Arruda S, Lago E, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Clinical and histopathologic features of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis and the molecular characterization of Leishmania braziliensis in dogs.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Jul;13(7):e0007532.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007532pubmed: 31310601pmc: 6634374google scholar: lookup
  108. Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Miles MA, Póvoa M. Leishmaniasis in Brazil: XVII. Enzymic characterization of a Leishmania from the armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (Edentata), from Pará State.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76(6):810-11.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(82)90115-8pubmed: 7164148google scholar: lookup
  109. Lainson R, Braga RR, De Souza AA, Pôvoa MM, Ishikawa EA, Silveira FT. Leishmania (Viannia) shawi sp. n., a parasite of monkeys, sloths and procyonids in Amazonian Brazil.. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1989;64(3):200-7.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/1989643200pubmed: 2504099google scholar: lookup
  110. Lau R, Valencia B, Ralevski F. Validation of a molecular diagnostic algorithm for leishmania detection in a non-endemic setting. Int J Infect Dis 2014 21:162–163.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.761google scholar: lookup
  111. Libert C, Ravel C, Pratlong F, Lami P, Dereure J, Keck N. Leishmania infantum infection in two captive barbary lions (Panthera leo leo).. J Zoo Wildl Med 2012 Sep;43(3):685-8.
    doi: 10.1638/2012-0056.1pubmed: 23082544google scholar: lookup
  112. Llanos-Cuentas EA, Roncal N, Villaseca P, Paz L, Ogusuku E, Pérez JE, Cáceres A, Davies CR. Natural infections of Leishmania peruviana in animals in the Peruvian Andes.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999 Jan-Feb;93(1):15-20.
    doi: 10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90163-3pubmed: 10492779google scholar: lookup
  113. Lobsiger L, Müller N, Schweizer T, Frey CF, Wiederkehr D, Zumkehr B, Gottstein B. An autochthonous case of cutaneous bovine leishmaniasis in Switzerland.. Vet Parasitol 2010 May 11;169(3-4):408-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.022pubmed: 20153118google scholar: lookup
  114. Longoni SS, Marín C, Sauri-Arceo CH, López-Cespedes A, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Villegas N, Escobedo-Ortegón J, Barrera-Pérez MA, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Sánchez-Moreno M. An iron-superoxide dismutase antigen-based serological screening of dogs indicates their potential role in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis in Yucatan, Mexico.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 Jul;11(7):815-21.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0125pubmed: 21323424google scholar: lookup
  115. Longoni SS, López-Cespedes A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Sauri-Arceo CH, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Marín C. Detection of different Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in cats from the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) using an iron superoxide dismutase excreted as antigen.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012 Sep;35(5):469-76.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.04.003pubmed: 22560557google scholar: lookup
  116. Lopes JV, Michalsky ÉM, Pereira NCL, Paula AJV, Souza AGM, Pinheiro LC, Lima ACVMDR, Avelar DM, França-Silva JC, Lanzetta VAS, Melo J, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in area with recent Leishmania transmission: prevalence, diagnosis, and molecular identification of the infecting species.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020;53:e20200141.
    doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0141-2020pubmed: 32935783pmc: 7491567google scholar: lookup
  117. López-Céspedes A, Longoni SS, Sauri-Arceo CH. Leishmania spp. epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis in the Yucatan Peninsula. SciWorldJ 2012 2012:945871.
    doi: 10.1100/2012/945871google scholar: lookup
  118. Lourenço JLM, Minuzzi-Souza TTC, Silva LR, Oliveira AC, Mendonça VJ, Nitz N, Aguiar LMS, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. High frequency of trypanosomatids in gallery forest bats of a Neotropical savanna.. Acta Trop 2018 Jan;177:200-206.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.012pubmed: 29050949google scholar: lookup
  119. Loyola EG, Alzate A, Sánchez A, González A. Epidemiology of a natural focus of Leishmania braziliensis in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. III. Natural infections in wild mammals.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988;82(3):406-7.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90136-8pubmed: 3232170google scholar: lookup
  120. Lucas CM, Franke ED, Cachay MI, Tejada A, Cruz ME, Kreutzer RD, Barker DC, McCann SH, Watts DM. Geographic distribution and clinical description of leishmaniasis cases in Peru.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Aug;59(2):312-7.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.312pubmed: 9715953google scholar: lookup
  121. Lukes J, Mauricio IL, Schönian G, Dujardin JC, Soteriadou K, Dedet JP, Kuhls K, Tintaya KW, Jirků M, Chocholová E, Haralambous C, Pratlong F, Oborník M, Horák A, Ayala FJ, Miles MA. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 May 29;104(22):9375-80.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703678104pubmed: 17517634pmc: 1890502google scholar: lookup
  122. Maia C, Dantas-Torres F, Campino L. Parasite biology: the reservoir hosts. .
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-72386-0_4google scholar: lookup
  123. Mancianti F, Mignone W, Galastri F. Serologic survey for leishmaniasis in free-living red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Italy.. J Wildl Dis 1994 Jul;30(3):454-6.
    doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-30.3.454pubmed: 7933296google scholar: lookup
  124. Mann S, Frasca K, Scherrer S, Henao-Martínez AF, Newman S, Ramanan P, Suarez JA. A Review of Leishmaniasis: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.. Curr Trop Med Rep 2021;8(2):121-132.
    doi: 10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7pubmed: 33747716pmc: 7966913google scholar: lookup
  125. Maroli M, Rossi L, Baldelli R, Capelli G, Ferroglio E, Genchi C, Gramiccia M, Mortarino M, Pietrobelli M, Gradoni L. The northward spread of leishmaniasis in Italy: evidence from retrospective and ongoing studies on the canine reservoir and phlebotomine vectors.. Trop Med Int Health 2008 Feb;13(2):256-64.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01998.xpubmed: 18304273google scholar: lookup
  126. Martínez MF, Kowalewski MM, Giuliani MG, Acardi SA, Salomón OD. Molecular identification of Leishmania in free-ranging black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina.. Acta Trop 2020 Oct;210:105534.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105534pubmed: 32450135google scholar: lookup
  127. Martín-Sánchez J, Acedo C, Muñoz-Pérez M, Pesson B, Marchal O, Morillas-Márquez F. Infection by Leishmania infantum in cats: epidemiological study in Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Apr 30;145(3-4):267-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.11.005pubmed: 17157440google scholar: lookup
  128. Matheus LMD, Duarte PO, de Ferreira EC. First detection of Leishmania of the subgenus viannia in Alipiopsitta xanthops, endemic bird of South America. Biosci J 2021 37:e37014–e37014.
    doi: 10.14393/BJ-v37n0a2021-48024google scholar: lookup
  129. McHugh CP, Melby PC, LaFon SG. Leishmaniasis in Texas: epidemiology and clinical aspects of human cases.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996 Nov;55(5):547-55.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.547pubmed: 8940988google scholar: lookup
  130. McIlwee BE, Weis SE, Hosler GA. Incidence of Endemic Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the United States.. JAMA Dermatol 2018 Sep 1;154(9):1032-1039.
    doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2133pubmed: 30046836pmc: 6143046google scholar: lookup
  131. Mendoza-Roldan JA, Zatelli A, Latrofa MS, Iatta R, Bezerra-Santos MA, Annoscia G, Gernone F, Votýpka J, Modrý D, Tichá L, Volf P, Otranto D. Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae isolation and sympatric occurrence with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in geckoes, dogs and sand flies.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022 Aug;16(8):e0010650.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010650pubmed: 35943980pmc: 9362939google scholar: lookup
  132. Mendoza-Roldan JA, Latrofa MS, Tarallo VD. Leishmania spp. in Squamata reptiles from the Mediterranean basin. Transbound Emerg Dis .
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14438google scholar: lookup
  133. Mhadhbi M, Sassi A. Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites.. Equine Vet J 2020 Jan;52(1):28-33.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13178pubmed: 31498914google scholar: lookup
  134. Miles MA, Póvoa MM, de Souza AA, Lainson R, Shaw JJ. Some methods for the enzymic characterization of Latin-American Leishmania with particular reference to Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and subspecies of Leishmania hertigi.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74(2):243-52.
    doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90253-9pubmed: 7385303google scholar: lookup
  135. Millán J, Zanet S, Gomis M, Trisciuoglio A, Negre N, Ferroglio E. An investigation into alternative reservoirs of canine leishmaniasis on the endemic island of Mallorca (Spain).. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011 Aug;58(4):352-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01212.xpubmed: 21733133google scholar: lookup
  136. Millán J, Ferroglio E, Solano-Gallego L. Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in Europe.. Parasitol Res 2014 Jun;113(6):2005-14.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3929-2pubmed: 24804923google scholar: lookup
  137. Millán J, Chirife AD, Altet L. Serum chemistry reference values for the common genet (Genetta genetta): variations associated with Leishmania infantum infection.. Vet Q 2015 Mar;35(1):43-7.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2014.987883pubmed: 25399516google scholar: lookup
  138. Millán J, Travaini A, Zanet S, López-Bao JV, Trisciuoglio A, Ferroglio E, Rodríguez A. Detection of Leishmania DNA in wild foxes and associated ticks in Patagonia, Argentina, 2000 km south of its known distribution area.. Parasit Vectors 2016 Apr 28;9:241.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1515-4pubmed: 27125871pmc: 4850661google scholar: lookup
  139. Miró G, Petersen C, Cardoso L, Bourdeau P, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Oliva G. Novel Areas for Prevention and Control of Canine Leishmaniosis.. Trends Parasitol 2017 Sep;33(9):718-730.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.005pubmed: 28601528google scholar: lookup
  140. Miró G, Troyano A, Montoya A, Fariñas F, Fermín ML, Flores L, Rojo C, Checa R, Gálvez R, Marino V, Fragío C, Martínez-Nevado E. First report of Leishmania infantum infection in the endangered orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Madrid, Spain.. Parasit Vectors 2018 Mar 20;11(1):185.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2772-1pubmed: 29554944pmc: 5859647google scholar: lookup
  141. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Hajjaran H, Raeghi S, Heidari Z, Motavalli-Haghi SM, Elikaee S, Mousazadeh-Mojarrad A, Kakoei Z. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Wild Canines (Fox, Jackal, and Wolf) in Northeastern Iran Using Parasitological, Serological, and Molecular Methods.. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2016 Dec;10(4):538-545.
    pubmed: 28032106pmc: 5186744
  142. Molina R, Jiménez MI, Cruz I, Iriso A, Martín-Martín I, Sevillano O, Melero S, Bernal J. The hare (Lepus granatensis) as potential sylvatic reservoir of Leishmania infantum in Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2012 Nov 23;190(1-2):268-71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.006pubmed: 22677135google scholar: lookup
  143. Monroy-Ostria A, Hernandez-Montes O, Barker DC. Aetiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Mexico.. Acta Trop 2000 Mar 25;75(2):155-61.
    doi: 10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00055-8pubmed: 10708655google scholar: lookup
  144. Montalvo AM, Fraga J, Tirado D, Blandón G, Alba A, Van der Auwera G, Vélez ID, Muskus C. Detection and identification of Leishmania spp.: application of two hsp70-based PCR-RFLP protocols to clinical samples from the New World.. Parasitol Res 2017 Jul;116(7):1843-1848.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5454-6pubmed: 28573463google scholar: lookup
  145. Montoya A, de Quadros LP, Mateo M, Hernández L, Gálvez R, Alcántara G, Checa R, Jiménez MÁ, Chicharro C, Cruz I, Miró G. LEISHMANIA INFANTUM INFECTION IN BENNETT'S WALLABIES (MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS RUFOGRISEUS) IN A SPANISH WILDLIFE PARK.. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016 Jun;47(2):586-93.
    doi: 10.1638/2014-0216.1pubmed: 27468032google scholar: lookup
  146. Moral L, Rubio EM, Moya M. A leishmanin skin test survey in the human population of l'Alacantí region (Spain): implications for the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in southern Europe.. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002 Mar-Apr;96(2):129-32.
    doi: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90278-6pubmed: 12055798google scholar: lookup
  147. Morales-Yuste M, Martín-Sánchez J, Corpas-Lopez V. Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.. Vet Sci 2022 Jul 27;9(8).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9080387pubmed: 36006301pmc: 9416075google scholar: lookup
  148. Moreno I, Álvarez J, García N, de la Fuente S, Martínez I, Marino E, Toraño A, Goyache J, Vilas F, Domínguez L, Domínguez M. Detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in sylvatic lagomorphs from an epidemic area of Madrid using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Jan 31;199(3-4):264-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.010pubmed: 24211046google scholar: lookup
  149. Morgado FN, Cavalcanti AD, Miranda LH, O'Dwyer LH, Silva MR, Menezes RC, Andrade da Silva AV, Boité MC, Cupolillo E, Porrozzi R. Hepatozoon canis and Leishmania spp. coinfection in dogs diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016 Oct-Dec;25(4):450-458.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612016065pubmed: 27925060google scholar: lookup
  150. Müller N, Welle M, Lobsiger L, Stoffel MH, Boghenbor KK, Hilbe M, Gottstein B, Frey CF, Geyer C, von Bomhard W. Occurrence of Leishmania sp. in cutaneous lesions of horses in Central Europe.. Vet Parasitol 2009 Dec 23;166(3-4):346-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.001pubmed: 19800739google scholar: lookup
  151. Muvdi-Arenas S, Ovalle-Bracho C. Mucosal leishmaniasis: A forgotten disease, description and identification of species in 50 Colombian cases.. Biomedica 2019 Aug 1;39(Supl. 2):58-65.
    doi: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i3.4347pubmed: 31529834google scholar: lookup
  152. Nardoni S, Altomonte I, Salari F, Martini M, Mancianti F. Serological and Molecular Findings of Leishmania Infection in Healthy Donkeys (Equus asinus) from a Canine Leishmaniosis Endemic Focus in Tuscany, Italy: A Preliminary Report.. Pathogens 2019 Jul 9;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens8030099pubmed: 31323973pmc: 6789632google scholar: lookup
  153. Naucke TJ, Menn B, Massberg D, Lorentz S. Sandflies and leishmaniasis in Germany.. Parasitol Res 2008 Dec;103 Suppl 1:S65-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1052-ypubmed: 19030887google scholar: lookup
  154. Oerther S, Jöst H, Heitmann A, Lühken R, Krüger A, Steinhausen I, Brinker C, Lorentz S, Marx M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Naucke T, Becker N. Phlebotomine sand flies in Southwest Germany: an update with records in new locations.. Parasit Vectors 2020 Apr 21;13(1):173.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04058-6pubmed: 32312300pmc: 7171781google scholar: lookup
  155. Oleaga A, Zanet S, Espí A, Pegoraro de Macedo MR, Gortázar C, Ferroglio E. Leishmania in wolves in northern Spain: A spreading zoonosis evidenced by wildlife sanitary surveillance.. Vet Parasitol 2018 May 15;255:26-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.015pubmed: 29773132google scholar: lookup
  156. Oliveira GC, Paiz LM, Menozzi BD, Lima Mde S, de Moraes CC, Langoni H. Antibodies to Leishmania spp. in domestic felines.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015 Oct-Dec;24(4):464-70.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612015071pubmed: 26689182google scholar: lookup
  157. Olivo Freites C, Gundacker ND, Pascale JM, Saldaña A, Diaz-Suarez R, Jimenez G, Sosa N, García E, Jimenez A, Suarez JA. First Case of Diffuse Leishmaniasis Associated With Leishmania panamensis.. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018 Nov;5(11):ofy281.
    doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy281pubmed: 30488042pmc: 6251348google scholar: lookup
  158. Ortega-García MV, Salguero FJ, García N, Domínguez M, Moreno I, Berrocal A. Equine infection with Leishmania spp. in Costa Rica: Study of five cases.. Vet Med Sci 2021 Nov;7(6):2234-2239.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.587pubmed: 34342158pmc: 8604103google scholar: lookup
  159. Ortuño M, Latrofa MS, Iborra MA, Pérez-Cutillas P, Bernal LJ, Risueño J, Muñoz C, Bernal A, Sánchez-Lopez PF, Segovia M, Annoscia G, Maia C, Cortes S, Campino L, Otranto D, Berriatua E. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between Leishmania infantum from dogs, humans and wildlife in south-east Spain.. Zoonoses Public Health 2019 Dec;66(8):961-973.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.12646pubmed: 31512370google scholar: lookup
  160. Otranto D, Testini G, Buonavoglia C, Parisi A, Brandonisio O, Circella E, Dantas-Torres F, Camarda A. Experimental and field investigations on the role of birds as hosts of Leishmania infantum, with emphasis on the domestic chicken.. Acta Trop 2010 Jan;113(1):80-3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.09.014pubmed: 19818726google scholar: lookup
  161. Pace D. Leishmaniasis.. J Infect 2014 Nov;69 Suppl 1:S10-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.07.016pubmed: 25238669google scholar: lookup
  162. Paixão-Marques MDS, Alves-Martin MF, Guiraldi LM, Dos Santos WJ, de Lemos FA, Sánchez GP, Richini-Pereira VB, Lucheis SB. First isolation of Leishmania infantum by blood culture in bovines from endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis.. Parasitology 2019 Jun;146(7):911-913.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182019000088pubmed: 30782228google scholar: lookup
  163. Palma D, Mercuriali L, Figuerola J, Montalvo T, Bueno-Marí R, Millet JP, Simón P, Masdeu E, Rius C. Trends in the Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in the City of Barcelona (1996-2019).. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:653999.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653999pubmed: 33981743pmc: 8107217google scholar: lookup
  164. Pan American Health Organization. Guideline for the treatment of leishmaniasis in the Americas. Second edition. 2022 Washington, DC: PAHO.
    doi: 10.37774/9789275125038google scholar: lookup
  165. Paşa S, Tetik Vardarlı A, Erol N, Karakuş M, Töz S, Atasoy A, Balcıoğlu İC, Emek Tuna G, Ermiş ÖV, Ertabaklar H, Özbel Y. Detection of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica in domestic cats in the Ege Region of Turkey.. Vet Parasitol 2015 Sep 15;212(3-4):389-92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.042pubmed: 26277567google scholar: lookup
  166. Pasquali AKS, Baggio RA, Boeger WA, González-Britez N, Guedes DC, Chaves EC, Thomaz-Soccol V. Dispersion of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in central-southern Brazil: Evidence from an integrative approach.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Aug;13(8):e0007639.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007639pubmed: 31465422pmc: 6715157google scholar: lookup
  167. Patino LH, Mendez C, Rodriguez O, Romero Y, Velandia D, Alvarado M, Pérez J, Duque MC, Ramírez JD. Spatial distribution, Leishmania species and clinical traits of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis cases in the Colombian army.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 Aug;11(8):e0005876.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005876pubmed: 28850603pmc: 5593196google scholar: lookup
  168. Paulin S, Frénais R, Thomas E, Baldwin PM. Laboratory assessment of the anti-feeding effect for up to 12 months of a slow release deltamethrin collar (Scalibor®) against the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs.. Parasit Vectors 2018 Sep 27;11(1):529.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3094-zpubmed: 30261911pmc: 6161463google scholar: lookup
  169. Paz GF, Rugani JMN, Marcelino AP, Gontijo CMF. Implications of the use of serological and molecular methods to detect infection by Leishmania spp. in urban pet dogs.. Acta Trop 2018 Jun;182:198-201.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.018pubmed: 29545151google scholar: lookup
  170. Pennisi MG. Leishmaniosis of companion animals in Europe: an update.. Vet Parasitol 2015 Feb 28;208(1-2):35-47.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.023pubmed: 25573248google scholar: lookup
  171. Pennisi MG, Cardoso L, Baneth G, Bourdeau P, Koutinas A, Miró G, Oliva G, Solano-Gallego L. LeishVet update and recommendations on feline leishmaniosis.. Parasit Vectors 2015 Jun 4;8:302.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0909-zpubmed: 26041555pmc: 4462189google scholar: lookup
  172. Pereira A, Valente J, Parreira R, Cristovão JM, Azinheira S, Campino L, Maia C. An Unusual Case of Feline Leishmaniosis With Involvement of the Mammary Glands.. Top Companion Anim Med 2019 Dec;37:100356.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tcam.2019.100356pubmed: 31837752google scholar: lookup
  173. Pereira A, Parreira R, Cristóvão JM, Castelli G, Bruno F, Vitale F, Campino L, Maia C. Phylogenetic insights on Leishmania detected in cats as revealed by nucleotide sequence analysis of multiple genetic markers.. Infect Genet Evol 2020 Jan;77:104069.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104069pubmed: 31670155google scholar: lookup
  174. Perrotey S, Mahamdallie SS, Pesson B, Richardson KJ, Gállego M, Ready PD. Postglacial dispersal of Phlebotomus perniciosus into France.. Parasite 2005 Dec;12(4):283-91.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2005124283pubmed: 16402559google scholar: lookup
  175. Persichetti MF, Solano-Gallego L, Vullo A, Masucci M, Marty P, Delaunay P, Vitale F, Pennisi MG. Diagnostic performance of ELISA, IFAT and Western blot for the detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in cats using a Bayesian analysis without a gold standard.. Parasit Vectors 2017 Mar 13;10(1):119.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2046-3pubmed: 28285598pmc: 5346856google scholar: lookup
  176. Picón Y, Almario G, Rodríguez V, Garcia NV. Seroprevalence, Clinical, and Pathological Characteristics of Canine Leishmaniasis in a Central Region of Colombia.. J Vet Res 2020 Mar;64(1):85-94.
    doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0011pubmed: 32258804pmc: 7105987google scholar: lookup
  177. Pombi M, Giacomi A, Barlozzari G, Mendoza-Roldan J, Macrì G, Otranto D, Gabrielli S. Molecular detection of Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae in human blood and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Sergentomyia minuta: unexpected host-parasite contacts.. Med Vet Entomol 2020 Dec;34(4):470-475.
    doi: 10.1111/mve.12464pubmed: 32710462google scholar: lookup
  178. Ramírez GA, Peñafiel-Verdú C, Altimira J, García-González B, Vilafranca M. Naturally acquired visceral leishmaniosis in a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus).. Vet Pathol 2013 Jan;50(1):188-90.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985812446155pubmed: 22692623google scholar: lookup
  179. Ramírez JD, Hernández C, León CM, Ayala MS, Flórez C, González C. Taxonomy, diversity, temporal and geographical distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia: A retrospective study.. Sci Rep 2016 Jun 22;6:28266.
    doi: 10.1038/srep28266pubmed: 27328969pmc: 4916406google scholar: lookup
  180. Ravel C, Cortes S, Pratlong F, Morio F, Dedet JP, Campino L. First report of genetic hybrids between two very divergent Leishmania species: Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major.. Int J Parasitol 2006 Nov;36(13):1383-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.019pubmed: 16930606google scholar: lookup
  181. Ready PD. Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe.. Euro Surveill 2010 Mar 11;15(10):19505.
    doi: 10.2807/ese.15.10.19505-enpubmed: 20403308google scholar: lookup
  182. Ready PD. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis.. Clin Epidemiol 2014;6:147-54.
    doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S44267pubmed: 24833919pmc: 4014360google scholar: lookup
  183. Reguera RM, Morán M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, García-Estrada C, Balaña-Fouce R. Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis.. Vet Parasitol 2016 Aug 30;227:98-114.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.011pubmed: 27523945google scholar: lookup
  184. Reithinger R, Lambson BE, Barker DC, Davies CR. Use of PCR to detect Leishmania (Viannia) spp. in dog blood and bone marrow.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Feb;38(2):748-51.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.2.748-751.2000pubmed: 10655379pmc: 86194google scholar: lookup
  185. Reuss SM, Dunbar MD, Calderwood Mays MB, Owen JL, Mallicote MF, Archer LL, Wellehan JF Jr. Autochthonous Leishmania siamensis in horse, Florida, USA.. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Sep;18(9):1545-7.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1809.120184pubmed: 22932732pmc: 3437729google scholar: lookup
  186. Rezaei Z, Pourabbas B, Asaei S, Sepehrpour S, Ahmadnia Motlagh S, Pourabbas P, Abdolahi Khasibi S, Alborzi A. Livestock infected with Leishmania spp. in southern Iran.. Parasit Vectors 2022 Jun 17;15(1):215.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05313-8pubmed: 35715844pmc: 9206323google scholar: lookup
  187. Rioux JA, Albaret JL, Houin R, Dedet JP, Lanotte G. [Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 2. Selvatic reservoirs. Spontaneous infestation of the fox (Vulpes vulpes L.)].. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1968 Jul-Aug;43(4):421-8.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/1968434421pubmed: 5754278google scholar: lookup
  188. Risueño J, Ortuño M, Pérez-Cutillas P, Goyena E, Maia C, Cortes S, Campino L, Bernal LJ, Muñoz C, Arcenillas I, Martínez-Rondán FJ, Gonzálvez M, Collantes F, Ortiz J, Martínez-Carrasco C, Berriatua E. Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest a common Leishmania infantum transmission cycle in wildlife, dogs and humans associated to vector abundance in Southeast Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2018 Aug 15;259:61-67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.012pubmed: 30056986google scholar: lookup
  189. Rivas AK, Alcover M, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Bardagí M, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Clinical and diagnostic aspects of feline cutaneous leishmaniosis in Venezuela.. Parasit Vectors 2018 Mar 20;11(1):141.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2747-2pubmed: 29554979pmc: 5859506google scholar: lookup
  190. Rodrigues FT, Pereira C, Dubey JP, Nóvoa M, Quaresma M, Schallig H, Cardoso L, Lopes AP. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. in domestic donkeys from Portugal.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019 Jan-Mar;28(1):172-176.
    doi: 10.1590/S1984-296120180091pubmed: 30892383google scholar: lookup
  191. Rodriguez-Bonfante C, Bonfante-Garrido R, Grimaldi G Jr, Momen H, Cupolillo E. Genotypically distinct Leishmania colombiensis isolates from Venezuela cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans.. Infect Genet Evol 2003 Jul;3(2):119-24.
    doi: 10.1016/s1567-1348(03)00012-1pubmed: 12809806google scholar: lookup
  192. Rolão N, Martins MJ, João A, Campino L. Equine infection with Leishmania in Portugal.. Parasite 2005 Jun;12(2):183-6.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2005122183pubmed: 15991833google scholar: lookup
  193. Rosales-Chilama M, Gongora RE, Valderrama L, Jojoa J, Alexander N, Rubiano LC, Cossio A, Adams ER, Saravia NG, Gomez MA. Parasitological Confirmation and Analysis of Leishmania Diversity in Asymptomatic and Subclinical Infection following Resolution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015 Dec;9(12):e0004273.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004273pubmed: 26659114pmc: 4684356google scholar: lookup
  194. Ruiz-Fons F, Ferroglio E, Gortázar C. Leishmania infantum in free-ranging hares, Spain, 2004-2010.. Euro Surveill 2013 Jul 25;18(30):20541.
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.30.20541pubmed: 23929180google scholar: lookup
  195. Ryan JR, Smithyman AM, Rajasekariah GH, Hochberg L, Stiteler JM, Martin SK. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on soluble promastigote antigen detects immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies in sera from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Mar;40(3):1037-43.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.3.1037-1043.2002pubmed: 11880434pmc: 120257google scholar: lookup
  196. Salari S, Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Almani PGN. Global distribution of treatment resistance gene markers for leishmaniasis.. J Clin Lab Anal 2022 Aug;36(8):e24599.
    doi: 10.1002/jcla.24599pubmed: 35808933pmc: 9396204google scholar: lookup
  197. Salvioni Recalde OD, Pereira Brunelli J, Rolon MS, Rojas de Arias A, Aldama O, Gómez CV. First Molecular Report of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in Paraguayan Inhabitants Using High-Resolution Melt-PCR.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Oct;101(4):780-788.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0880pubmed: 31407656pmc: 6779224google scholar: lookup
  198. Santaella J, Ocampo CB, Saravia NG, Méndez F, Góngora R, Gomez MA, Munstermann LE, Quinnell RJ. Leishmania (Viannia) infection in the domestic dog in Chaparral, Colombia.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 May;84(5):674-80.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0159pubmed: 21540374pmc: 3083732google scholar: lookup
  199. Savani ES, de Almeida MF, de Oliveira Camargo MC, D'Auria SR, Silva MM, de Oliveira ML, Sacramento D. Detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Brazilian bats.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Feb 26;168(1-2):5-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.019pubmed: 19939568google scholar: lookup
  200. Semião-Santos SJ, Abranches P, Silva-Pereira MC, Santos-Gomes GM, Fernandes JP, Vetter JC. Reliability of serological methods for detection of leishmaniasis in Portuguese domestic and wild reservoirs.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996 Nov-Dec;91(6):747-50.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000600018pubmed: 9283658google scholar: lookup
  201. Seyyedtabaei SJ, Rostami A, Haghighi A, Mohebali M, Kazemi B, Fallahi S, Spotin A. Detection of Potentially Diagnostic Leishmania Antigens with Western Blot Analysis of Sera from Patients with Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniases.. Iran J Parasitol 2017 Apr-Jun;12(2):206-214.
    pubmed: 28761480pmc: 5527030
  202. Shapiro JT, da Costa Lima Junior MS, Dorval ME, de Oliveira França A, Cepa Matos Mde F, Bordignon MO. First record of Leishmania braziliensis presence detected in bats, Mato Grosso do Sul, southwest Brazil.. Acta Trop 2013 Oct;128(1):171-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.07.004pubmed: 23886850google scholar: lookup
  203. Sherlock IA, Miranda JC, Sadigursky M, Grimaldi Júnior G. Natural infection of the opossum Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) with Leishmania donovani, in Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1984 Oct-Dec;79(4):511.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761984000400020pubmed: 6533423google scholar: lookup
  204. Silva EM, Alves LC, Guerra NR, Farias MP, Oliveira EL, de Souza RC, da Cunha C, Ramos RA, Porto WJ. LEISHMANIA SPP. IN DIDELPHIS SPP. FROM NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL.. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016 Sep;47(3):942-944.
    doi: 10.1638/2015-0148.1pubmed: 27691942google scholar: lookup
  205. Singh OP, Hasker E, Sacks D, Boelaert M, Sundar S. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection: a new challenge for Leishmania control.. Clin Infect Dis 2014 May;58(10):1424-9.
    doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu102pubmed: 24585564pmc: 4001287google scholar: lookup
  206. Slama D, Haouas N, Remadi L, Mezhoud H, Babba H, Chaker E. First detection of Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).. Parasit Vectors 2014 Jan 25;7:51.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-51pubmed: 24460752pmc: 3906888google scholar: lookup
  207. Soares IR, Silva SO, Moreira FM, Prado LG, Fantini P, Maranhão Rde P, da Silva Filho JM, Melo MN, Palhares MS. First evidence of autochthonous cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in horse (Equus caballus) in the Americas and mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Nov 8;197(3-4):665-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.014pubmed: 23845306google scholar: lookup
  208. Soares CS, Duarte SC, Sousa SR. What do we know about feline leishmaniosis?. J Feline Med Surg 2016 Jun;18(6):435-42.
    doi: 10.1177/1098612X15589358pubmed: 26116620google scholar: lookup
  209. Sobrino R, Ferroglio E, Oleaga A, Romano A, Millan J, Revilla M, Arnal MC, Trisciuoglio A, Gortázar C. Characterization of widespread canine leishmaniasis among wild carnivores from Spain.. Vet Parasitol 2008 Aug 17;155(3-4):198-203.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.003pubmed: 18579311google scholar: lookup
  210. Solano-Gallego L, Fernández-Bellon H, Serra R, Gállego M, Ramis A, Fondevila D, Ferrer L. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in three horses in Spain.. Equine Vet J 2003 May;35(3):320-3.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776148336pubmed: 12755438google scholar: lookup
  211. Solano-Gallego L, Miró G, Koutinas A, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Baneth G, The LeishVet Group. LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis.. Parasit Vectors 2011 May 20;4:86.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-86pubmed: 21599936pmc: 3125381google scholar: lookup
  212. Solano-Gallego L, Rossi L, Scroccaro AM, Montarsi F, Caldin M, Furlanello T, Trotta M. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA mainly in Rhipicephalus sanguineus male ticks removed from dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis.. Parasit Vectors 2012 May 21;5:98.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-98pubmed: 22613502pmc: 3409031google scholar: lookup
  213. Souza AI, Nunes VLB, Borralho VM, Ishikawa EAY. Domestic feline cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: a case report. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis 2009 15:359–365.
    doi: 10.1590/S1678-91992009000200017google scholar: lookup
  214. Strazzulla A, Cocuzza S, Pinzone MR, Postorino MC, Cosentino S, Serra A, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G. Mucosal leishmaniasis: an underestimated presentation of a neglected disease.. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:805108.
    doi: 10.1155/2013/805108pubmed: 23853773pmc: 3703408google scholar: lookup
  215. Sundar S, Rai M. Laboratory Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2002 9:951–958.
    doi: 10.1128/CDLI.9.5.951-958.2002google scholar: lookup
  216. Tabar MD, Altet L, Francino O, Sánchez A, Ferrer L, Roura X. Vector-borne infections in cats: molecular study in Barcelona area (Spain).. Vet Parasitol 2008 Feb 14;151(2-4):332-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.019pubmed: 18079064google scholar: lookup
  217. Taddei R, Bregoli A, Galletti G, Carra E, Fiorentini L, Fontana MC, Frasnelli M, Musto C, Pupillo G, Reggiani A, Santi A, Rossi A, Tamba M, Calzolari M, Rugna G. Wildlife Hosts of Leishmania infantum in a Re-Emerging Focus of Human Leishmaniasis, in Emilia-Romagna, Northeast Italy.. Pathogens 2022 Nov 7;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111308pubmed: 36365059pmc: 9697138google scholar: lookup
  218. Thomaz-Soccol V, Pratlong F, Langue R, Castro E, Luz E, Dedet JP. New isolation of Leishmania enriettii Muniz and Medina, 1948 in Paranástate, Brazil, 50 years after the first description, and isoenzymatic polymorphism of the L. enriettii taxon.. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996 Oct;90(5):491-5.
    doi: 10.1080/00034983.1996.11813074pubmed: 8915125google scholar: lookup
  219. Tolezano JE, Uliana SR, Taniguchi HH, Araújo MF, Barbosa JA, Barbosa JE, Floeter-Winter LM, Shaw JJ. The first records of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in dogs (Canis familiaris) diagnosed clinically as having canine visceral leishmaniasis from Araçatuba County, São Paulo State, Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Nov 10;149(3-4):280-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.008pubmed: 17720321google scholar: lookup
  220. Tonelli GB, Tanure A, Rego FD, Carvalho GML, Stumpp R, Ássimos GR, Campos AM, Lima ACVMDR, Gontijo CMF, Paz GF, Andrade Filho JD. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in wild small mammals in ecotourism area of Brazil.. PLoS One 2017;12(12):e0190315.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190315pubmed: 29284049pmc: 5746269google scholar: lookup
  221. Toplu N, Aydoğan A, Oguzoglu TC. Visceral leishmaniosis and parapoxvirus infection in a Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus).. J Comp Pathol 2007 May;136(4):283-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.02.005pubmed: 17459405google scholar: lookup
  222. Torres-Guerrero E, Quintanilla-Cedillo MR, Ruiz-Esmenjaud J, Arenas R. Leishmaniasis: a review. F1000Res 2017 6:750.
    doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11120.1google scholar: lookup
  223. Toz SO, Nasereddin A, Ozbel Y, Ertabaklar H, Culha G, Sevil N, Ziya Alkan M, Jaffe CL. Leishmaniasis in Turkey: molecular characterization of Leishmania from human and canine clinical samples.. Trop Med Int Health 2009 Nov;14(11):1401-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02384.xpubmed: 19737374google scholar: lookup
  224. Truppel JH, Otomura F, Teodoro U, Massafera R, da Costa-Ribeiro MC, Catarino CM, Dalagrana L, Costa Ferreira ME, Thomaz-Soccol V. Can equids be a reservoir of Leishmania braziliensis in endemic areas?. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93731.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093731pubmed: 24721908pmc: 3983081google scholar: lookup
  225. Tsokana CN, Sokos C, Giannakopoulos A, Mamuris Z, Birtsas P, Papaspyropoulos K, Valiakos G, Spyrou V, Lefkaditis M, Chatzopoulos DC, Kantere M, Manolakou K, Touloudi A, Burriel AR, Ferroglio E, Hadjichristodoulou C, Billinis C. First evidence of Leishmania infection in European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Greece: GIS analysis and phylogenetic position within the Leishmania spp.. Parasitol Res 2016 Jan;115(1):313-21.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4749-8pubmed: 26386969google scholar: lookup
  226. Tsokana CN, Sokos C, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Athanasiou LV, Valiakos G, Sofia M, Chatzopoulos DC, Kantere M, Spyrou V, Burriel AR, Billinis C. Serological and molecular investigation of selected parasitic pathogens in European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Greece: inferring the ecological niche of Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania infantum in hares.. Parasitol Res 2019 Sep;118(9):2715-2721.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06388-6pubmed: 31286264google scholar: lookup
  227. Tsokana CN, Athanasiou LV, Valiakos G. Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis, Species Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis. .
  228. Tuon FF, Dantas LR, de Souza RM, Ribeiro VST, Amato VS. Liposomal drug delivery systems for the treatment of leishmaniasis.. Parasitol Res 2022 Nov;121(11):3073-3082.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07659-5pubmed: 36112211google scholar: lookup
  229. Valdivia HO, Almeida LV, Roatt BM, Reis-Cunha JL, Pereira AA, Gontijo C, Fujiwara RT, Reis AB, Sanders MJ, Cotton JA, Bartholomeu DC. Comparative genomics of canine-isolated Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis from an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Governador Valadares, southeastern Brazil.. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 16;7:40804.
    doi: 10.1038/srep40804pubmed: 28091623pmc: 5238499google scholar: lookup
  230. Van der Auwera G, Davidsson L, Buffet P, Ruf MT, Gramiccia M, Varani S, Chicharro C, Bart A, Harms G, Chiodini PL, Brekke H, Robert-Gangneux F, Cortes S, Verweij JJ, Scarabello A, Karlsson Söbirk S, Guéry R, van Henten S, Di Muccio T, Carra E, van Thiel P, Vandeputte M, Gaspari V, Blum J. Surveillance of leishmaniasis cases from 15 European centres, 2014 to 2019: a retrospective analysis.. Euro Surveill 2022 Jan;27(4).
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.4.2002028pubmed: 35086613pmc: 8796293google scholar: lookup
  231. Velez R, Gállego M. Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: a review of available data on their safety and efficacy.. Trop Med Int Health 2020 May;25(5):540-557.
    doi: 10.1111/tmi.13382pubmed: 32034985google scholar: lookup
  232. Verin R, Poli A, Ariti G. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in tissues of free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Central Italy. Eur J Wildl Res 2010 56:689–692.
    doi: 10.1007/s10344-010-0395-8google scholar: lookup
  233. Viana de Almeida L, Luís Reis-Cunha J, Coqueiro-Dos-Santos A, Flávia Rodrigues-Luís G, de Paula Baptista R, de Oliveira Silva S, Norma de Melo M, Castanheira Bartholomeu D. Comparative genomics of Leishmania isolates from Brazil confirms the presence of Leishmania major in the Americas.. Int J Parasitol 2021 Nov;51(12):1047-1057.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.009pubmed: 34329650google scholar: lookup
  234. Villanueva-Saz S, Giner J, Marteles D, Verde M, Yzuel A, Riera C, Fisa R, Alcover M, Fernández A. Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum in ferrets: Update review.. Vet Anim Sci 2022 Mar;15:100229.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100229pubmed: 35028486google scholar: lookup
  235. Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Holcomb EA, Cipriano N, Cox B, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL).. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;11:685296.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685296pubmed: 34169006pmc: 8217655google scholar: lookup
  236. World Health Organization (2023) https://www.who.int/health-topics/leishmaniasis#tab=tab_1
  237. Yared S, Gebresilassie A, Abbasi I, Aklilu E, Kirstein OD, Balkew M, Brown AS, Clouse RM, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T. A molecular analysis of sand fly blood meals in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of northwestern Ethiopia reveals a complex host-vector system.. Heliyon 2019 Jul;5(7):e02132.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02132pubmed: 31384683pmc: 6661399google scholar: lookup
  238. Zanet S, Sposimo P, Trisciuoglio A, Giannini F, Strumia F, Ferroglio E. Epidemiology of Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in Rattus rattus in absence of domestic reservoir and definitive hosts.. Vet Parasitol 2014 Jan 31;199(3-4):247-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.023pubmed: 24295953google scholar: lookup
  239. Zerpa O, Pratlong F, Ulrich M, Convit J. Isolation of Leishmania infantum, zymodeme MON-1 from canine and human visceral leishmaniasis on Margarita Island, Venezuela.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001 Oct;96(7):901-2.
    doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000700003pubmed: 11685252google scholar: lookup
  240. Zulueta AM, Villarroel E, Rodriguez N, Feliciangeli MD, Mazzarri M, Reyes O, Rodriguez V, Centeno M, Barrios RM, Ulrich M. Epidemiologic aspects of American visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic focus in Eastern Venezuela.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Dec;61(6):945-50.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.945pubmed: 10674675google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 22 times.
  1. Salmen N, Metellus R, Lim O, Pandya A, Horissian M. From Abroad to Appalachia: A case report of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Pennsylvania. JAAD Case Rep 2025 Dec;66:121-123.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2025.09.032pubmed: 41550323google scholar: lookup
  2. Ashraf A, Qadeer S, Bukhari UA, Zeb I, Rasool A, Salma U, Shaukat H, Shahzad R, Osmani AR. Molecular profiling and risk factors assessment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an expanding endemic focus of Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 2025 Nov 8;124(11):126.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-025-08581-2pubmed: 41205103google scholar: lookup
  3. Costa J, Silva AR, Sampaio F, Alves AP, Silva H, de Carvalho HL, Sousa C, Simões M, Fernandes C, Lopes AP, Garcês A, Duarte EL, Coelho AC, Cardoso L, Lopes R. When Precision Matters: Bone Marrow Cytology Meets qPCR in a Pilot Study Quantifying Leishmania infantum Load in Dogs. Microorganisms 2025 Sep 21;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13092211pubmed: 41011542google scholar: lookup
  4. Ebiloma GU, Alhejeli A, de Koning HP. Interventions for Neglected Diseases Caused by Kinetoplastid Parasites: A One Health Approach to Drug Discovery, Development, and Deployment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025 Sep 19;18(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ph18091415pubmed: 41011282google scholar: lookup
  5. De Francesco P, Vescovi P, Feliciani C, Iaria R, Corcione L, Giovannacci I. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis With Oral Involvement: A Case Report. Case Rep Dent 2025;2025:1229183.
    doi: 10.1155/crid/1229183pubmed: 40894288google scholar: lookup
  6. Morris RS, Wada M. The Effect of Climate Change on Emergence and Evolution of Zoonotic Diseases in Asia. Zoonoses Public Health 2025 Nov;72(7):587-611.
    doi: 10.1111/zph.70007pubmed: 40888029google scholar: lookup
  7. Carresi C, Ferrucci CF, Mangano C, Coppoletta AR, Cardamone A, Musolino V, Gliozzi M, Mollace V, Britti D. Efficacy of meglumine antimoniate treatment on boxer Leishmania infantum skin lesions: case report. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1600004.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1600004pubmed: 40661166google scholar: lookup
  8. Hobson S, Mallare J, Grieve H, Weese JS, Grant LE. Climate-sensitive zoonotic diseases transmissible by companion animals: A scoping review protocol. PLoS One 2025;20(6):e0325568.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0325568pubmed: 40493539google scholar: lookup
  9. Martínez-Sáez L, Lopreiato V, Liotta L, Cavallo C, Amato A, Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. Seroprevalence of Leishmania spp. in Cattle Breeds of the Mediterranean Region: Effect of the Breed in the Immune Response. Transbound Emerg Dis 2025;2025:3277232.
    doi: 10.1155/tbed/3277232pubmed: 40302747google scholar: lookup
  10. Borges JC, Barros ABC, Cardoso LL, Keesen TLS, Campos LAA, Cavalcanti IMF, Kretzschmar EAM. Antileishmanial Activities of Carvacrol Nanoencapsulate in Biopolymeric Nanoparticles. Chem Biodivers 2025 Sep;22(9):e202403341.
    doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202403341pubmed: 40273418google scholar: lookup
  11. Johnston J, Taylor J, Nahata S, Gatica-Gomez A, Anderson YL, Kiger S, Pham T, Karimi K, Lacar JF, Carter NS, Roberts SC. Putrescine Depletion in Leishmania donovani Parasites Causes Immediate Proliferation Arrest Followed by an Apoptosis-like Cell Death. Pathogens 2025 Feb 2;14(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14020137pubmed: 40005515google scholar: lookup
  12. Abida, Alhuthali HM, Alshehri JM, Alkathiri A, Almaghrabi ROM, Alsaeed SS, Albebi SAH, Almethn RM, Alfuraydi BA, Alharbi SB, Kamal M, Imran M. Exosomes in infectious diseases: insights into leishmaniasis pathogenesis, immune modulation, and therapeutic potential. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2025 May;398(5):4913-4931.
    doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03702-7pubmed: 39702600google scholar: lookup
  13. Miró G, Segarra S, Cerón JJ, Ferrer L, Solano-Gallego L, Montell L, Costa E, Teichenne J, Mariné-Casadó R, Roura X. New immunomodulatory treatment protocol for canine leishmaniosis reduces parasitemia and proteinuria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024 Dec;18(12):e0012712.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012712pubmed: 39700303google scholar: lookup
  14. Cosma C, Maia C, Khan N, Infantino M, Del Riccio M. Leishmaniasis in Humans and Animals: A One Health Approach for Surveillance, Prevention and Control in a Changing World. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024 Oct 28;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110258pubmed: 39591264google scholar: lookup
  15. Cordeiro da Silva A, Calogeropoulou T, Costi MP, Alunda JM. Drugs for Vector-Borne Protozoal Diseases in a One Health Scenario. A European Perspective. ACS Infect Dis 2024 Nov 8;10(11):3715-3720.
    doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00339pubmed: 39471826google scholar: lookup
  16. Akhtardanesh B, Sadr S, Khedri J, Bamorovat M, Salarkia E, Sharifi I. Canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania Tropica in southeastern Iran: a case series study. Sci Rep 2024 Oct 27;14(1):25599.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76301-4pubmed: 39465272google scholar: lookup
  17. Ekemen S, Nalcaci M, Toz S, Sanjoba C, Demirkesen C, Cetin ED, Tecimer T, Yildiz P, Gursel M, Ince U, Ozbel Y, Coban C. Diagnostic challenges in cutaneous leishmaniasis due to atypical Leishmania infantum: pathologists' insights from re-emergence zones. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024;11:1453211.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1453211pubmed: 39328317google scholar: lookup
  18. Bursali F, Touray M. The complexities of blood-feeding patterns in mosquitoes and sandflies and the burden of disease: A minireview. Vet Med Sci 2024 Sep;10(5):e1580.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1580pubmed: 39171609google scholar: lookup
  19. Laidoudi Y, Sevestre J, Bedjaoui S, Watier-Grillot S, Davoust B. Serosurvey of canine leishmaniasis in five departments near an identified human clinical case in Marseille (France). One Health 2024 Dec;19:100855.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100855pubmed: 39091974google scholar: lookup
  20. Bauer BU, Lebrero ME, Ganter M, Navarro T, Fernández A, Ruíz de Arcaute M, Ortín A, Villanueva-Saz S, Marteles D, Ruiz H, Climent M, Quílez P, Lacasta D. First Evidence of Leishmania infantum Antibodies in Sheep (Ovis aries) from Southern Germany. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 24;14(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14131860pubmed: 38997972google scholar: lookup
  21. de Jesus Sousa C, Batista JF, Brito AKF, Barros NCB, de Oliveira SSC, Branquinha MH, do Socorro Pires E Cruz M, de Mendonca IL, Dos Santos ALS. Feline Leishmaniasis: Evidence-based Treatments - Challenges to be Solved. Curr Med Chem 2025;32(11):2235-2256.
    doi: 10.2174/0109298673305978240527102902pubmed: 38808714google scholar: lookup
  22. Martínez-Sáez L, Dulac Q, Montaner-Angoiti E, Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. Prevalence and Factors Related to Leishmania infantum Infection in Healthy Horses (Equus caballus) from Eastern Spain. Animals (Basel) 2023 Sep 11;13(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13182889pubmed: 37760289google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.