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Journal of virology2018; 92(12); e00074-18; doi: 10.1128/JVI.00074-18

Large-Scale Complete-Genome Sequencing and Phylodynamic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Reveals Source-Sink Transmission Dynamics in the United States.

Abstract: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) has a high case-fatality rate in horses and humans, and Florida has been hypothesized to be the source of EEEV epidemics for the northeastern United States. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced complete genomes of 433 EEEV strains collected within the United States from 1934 to 2014. Phylogenetic analysis suggested EEEV evolves relatively slowly and that transmission is enzootic in Florida, characterized by higher genetic diversity and long-term local persistence. In contrast, EEEV strains in New York and Massachusetts were characterized by lower genetic diversity, multiple introductions, and shorter local persistence. Our phylogeographic analysis supported a source-sink model in which Florida is the major source of EEEV compared to the other localities sampled. In sum, this study revealed the complex epidemiological dynamics of EEEV in different geographic regions in the United States and provided general insights into the evolution and transmission of other avian mosquito-borne viruses in this region. Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infections are severe in horses and humans on the east coast of the United States with a >90% mortality rate in horses, an ∼33% mortality rate in humans, and significant brain damage in most human survivors. However, little is known about the evolutionary characteristics of EEEV due to the lack of genome sequences. By generating large collection of publicly available complete genome sequences, this study comprehensively determined the evolution of the virus, described the epidemiological dynamics of EEEV in different states in the United States, and identified Florida as one of the major sources. These results may have important implications for the control and prevention of other mosquito-borne viruses in the Americas.
Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.
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Publication Date: 2018-05-29 PubMed ID: 29618651PubMed Central: PMC5974483DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00074-18Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides insights into the transmission dynamics of Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in the United States, suggesting Florida as the major source of EEEV outbreaks. The research involved sequencing the complete genomes of 433 EEEV strains, collected over a period of 80 years, and studying their phylogenetic characteristics.

Approach to the Research

  • The research team gathered complete genomes of 433 EEEV strains. These samples were collected from across the United States between the years 1934 and 2014.
  • A phylogenetic analysis was performed on these genomes to study the evolution of the EEEV. This analysis made it possible to map out the phylogenetic evolution or the “family tree” of the virus, tracing back its lineage and historical development.

Findings from Phylogenetic Analysis and Transmission Dynamics

  • The research showed that the EEEV evolves relatively slowly over time. This could be one of the reasons why it is still a major health concern, as it potentially gives it more time to spread before new treatments or vaccines can be developed to tackle new strains.
  • The transmission of the virus was found to be enzootic in Florida, exhibiting a higher genetic diversity and longer persistence in the local region. This indicates that EEEV is maintained within the animal populations in Florida, undergoing continuous evolution and transmission.
  • On the contrary, the EEEV strains in New York and Massachusetts showed lower genetic diversity, multiple introductions, and shorter persistence, suggesting that the virus was regularly being reintroduced rather than persisting locally.

The Source-Sink Model and Outcomes

  • Using the data from their phylogeographic analysis, the researchers proposed a source-sink model of EEEV transmission. In this model, Florida was identified as the “source,” the point from which the virus was disseminated, while the other localities sampled were characterized as “sinks,” the ends of the dissemination process.
  • This research could have implications for the control and prevention of EEEV and other mosquito-borne viruses in the United States and possibly the Americas, by identifying and targeting the source of the virus.

Implications of the Research

  • This study provides a comprehensive view of the evolution of EEEV, an insight that was previously impeded due to the lack of genome sequences. Having a better understanding of the virus’s evolution can contribute to the development of more effective treatments and preventive measures.
  • Identifying Florida as one of the major sources of EEEV could enable public health officials to formulate strategies and interventions to suppress the virus at its source, thus preventing its transmission to other states.

Cite This Article

APA
Tan Y, Lam TT, Heberlein-Larson LA, Smole SC, Auguste AJ, Hennigan S, Halpin RA, Fedorova N, Puri V, Stockwell TB, Shilts MH, Andreadis T, Armstrong PM, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Unnasch TR, Ciota AT, Kramer LD, Das SR. (2018). Large-Scale Complete-Genome Sequencing and Phylodynamic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Reveals Source-Sink Transmission Dynamics in the United States. J Virol, 92(12), e00074-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00074-18

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 92
Issue: 12
PII: e00074-18

Researcher Affiliations

Tan, Yi
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
  • J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk
  • State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Heberlein-Larson, Lea A
  • Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Smole, Sandra C
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA.
Auguste, Albert J
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
Hennigan, Scott
  • Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA.
Halpin, Rebecca A
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Fedorova, Nadia
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Puri, Vinita
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Stockwell, Timothy B
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Shilts, Meghan H
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
  • J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Andreadis, Theodore
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Armstrong, Philip M
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Tesh, Robert B
  • Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
Weaver, Scott C
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
Unnasch, Thomas R
  • Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Ciota, Alexander T
  • Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA.
  • School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA.
Kramer, Laura D
  • Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, USA laura.kramer@health.ny.gov suman.r.das@vanderbilt.edu.
  • School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA.
Das, Suman R
  • Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA laura.kramer@health.ny.gov suman.r.das@vanderbilt.edu.
  • J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / classification
  • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / genetics
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / transmission
  • Florida / epidemiology
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genome Size
  • Genome, Viral
  • High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
  • Horses
  • Massachusetts / epidemiology
  • New York / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Phylogeography
  • Whole Genome Sequencing / methods

Grant Funding

  • P30 AI110527 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • U19 AI110819 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • U50 CK000423 / NCEZID CDC HHS

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Citations

This article has been cited 21 times.
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