FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Acta Vet Scand / Light and electron microscopic investigation of equine synov...
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica1976; 17(2); 153-168; doi: 10.1186/BF03547924

Light and electron microscopic investigation of equine synovial membrane. A comparison between healthy joints and joints with intraarticular fractures and osteochondrosis dissecans.

Abstract: Light and electron microscopic examination was made on equine synovial membrane from 23 healthy joints, nine joints with synovitis caused by intraarticular fracture and 10 joints with synovitis caused by osteochondrosis dissecans. Histologically as well as ultrastructurally the equine synovial membrane from healthy joints was of principally the same character as described in other species. Three types of synovial membrane — areolar, fibrous and adipose — and two types of lining cell were distinguished histologically. Ultrastructurally three types of lining cells were distinguished: A and Β type and an intermediate cell type. In healthy joints they were loosely arranged, parallel to the joint surface in an intercellular matrix, which was in direct continuity with the joint space. In joints with intraarticular fracture there was mild inflammation of the synovial membrane. There was elongation and hyperplasia of the lining cells with a relative increase in type A cells. The cell surface of lining cells was increased through filopodia. There was also an increase in cytoplasmic organelles i.e. hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes in Β type cells and an increase in lysosomes, and increased numbers of vesicles of varying types in A cells. In joints with osteochondrosis dissecans the lining cell hyperplasia and the inflammation in the synovial membrane were more prominent. Ultrastructurally the same alterations as in the previous group were seen including a relative increase in the number of A cells but degenerative changes were common in the lining cells. These changes were dilatation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial condensation, dilatation of the nuclear envelope and loss of plasma membranes, leading to disintegration of cells. Synovialmembran från 23 friska leder och 9 leder med synovit till följd av intraartikulär fraktur samt 10 leder med synovit till följd av osteochondrosis dissecans undersöktes ljus- och elektronmikroskopiskt. Såväl ljusmikroskopiskt som ultrastrukturellt befanns synovialmembranet från friska hästleder visa överensstämmelse med andra djurslags. Tre typer av synovialmembran — areolärt, fibröst och adipost — samt två typer av intimaceller kunde urskiljas histologiskt. Ultrastruktur ellt kunde tre typer av intimaceller urskiljas: A- och B-celler samt en intermediär celltyp. I friska leder låg dessa celler i luckra förband omgivna av en lucker matrix, som ofta stod i direkt kontakt med ledhålan. I leder med intraartikulär fraktur förelåg en lindrig inflammation i synovialmembranet. En elongering och hyperplasi av intimaceller, samt en relativ ökning av A-celler iakttogs. Intimacellernas yta var förstorad till följd av cellutskott. Vidare iakttogs en ökning av vissa organeller, nämligen en hyperplasi av det endoplasmatiska retiklet och Golgi apparater i B-celler och ett ökat antall lysosomer och vesikler i A-celler. I leder med osteochondrosis dissecans var inflammationen i synovialmembranet och hyperplasin av intimaceller mera uttalade. Ultrastrukturellt förelåg också samma förändringar som i föregående grupp inbegripande även en relativ ökning av antalet A-celler. Dessutom var degenerativa förändringar i intimaceller vanliga. Dessa förändringar bestod i en dilatering och vesikulering av det endoplasmatiska retiklet, kondensering av mitochondrier, dilatering av kärnhöljet och avsaknad av plasma membran medförande upplösning av cellerna.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1976-01-01 PubMed ID: 952248PubMed Central: PMC8383977DOI: 10.1186/BF03547924Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research looks at the cellular structure of horse joint linings, comparing healthy joints with those affected by intraarticular fractures and osteochondrosis dissecans, a joint condition. The scientists used light and electron microscopy to perform this analysis.

Methodology

  • The study involved an in-depth microscopic examination of the synovial membrane, or the lining of the joints, in horses. These linings were taken from 23 joints, nine having inflammation due to intraarticular fractures and another 10 from synovitis caused by a condition known as osteochondrosis dissecans.
  • This research utilised light and electron microscopes. These provided highly detailed images of the synovial membranes, enabling comprehensive analysis of their histological and ultrastructural characteristics.
  • Three types of synovial membranes were identified: areolar, fibrous, and adipose. Additionally, two types of lining cells were recognised in the microscopic analysis: cell types ‘A’ and ‘B’, plus an intermediary type.

Findings in Healthy Joints

  • In healthy joints, the lining cells were loosely arranged, being parallel to the joint surface amidst an intercellular matrix, which was in direct continuity with the joint space.

Findings in Joints with Intraarticular Fractures

  • The synovial membranes of joints affected by intraarticular fractures showed mild inflammation.
  • These joints also displayed elongation and hyperplasia (an increase in the production of cells) of the lining cells. There was a relative increase in type A cells.
  • In these joints, the surface of the lining cells was enlarged due to filopodia (protrusions on the cell surface).
  • The research also observed an increase in the number of cytoplasmic organelles, as evident from the hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes in type B cells, as well as an increase in lysosomes and vesicles of varying types in type A cells.

Findings in Joints with Osteochondrosis Dissecans

  • The inflammation in synovial membranes and the hyperplasia of lining cells were more prominent in joints with osteochondrosis dissecans.
  • The same signs as those associated with intraarticular fractures were observed, including an increase in type A cells and degenerative changes in the lining cells.
  • These degenerative changes were characterised by the enlargement and formation of vesicles (small enclosed compartments containing fluid) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, condensation of mitochondria, expansion of nuclear envelope, and the loss of plasma membranes, resulting in the disintegration of the cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Johansson HE, Rejnö S. (1976). Light and electron microscopic investigation of equine synovial membrane. A comparison between healthy joints and joints with intraarticular fractures and osteochondrosis dissecans. Acta Vet Scand, 17(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03547924

Publication

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica
ISSN: 0044-605X
NlmUniqueID: 0370400
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 153-168

Researcher Affiliations

Johansson, H E
    Rejnö, S

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum / ultrastructure
      • Fractures, Bone / pathology
      • Fractures, Bone / veterinary
      • Horse Diseases / pathology
      • Horses / anatomy & histology
      • Mitochondria / ultrastructure
      • Osteochondritis / pathology
      • Osteochondritis / veterinary
      • Synovial Membrane / anatomy & histology
      • Synovial Membrane / ultrastructure
      • Synovitis / pathology
      • Synovitis / veterinary

      References

      This article includes 33 references
      1. Auböck L, Fladerer H, Klein G. [New ultrastructural findings in the synovial membrane in progressive chronic polyarthritis].. Z Rheumatol 1974 Mar-Apr;33(3):87-106.
        pubmed: 4837412
      2. BALL J, CHAPMAN JA, MUIRDEN KD. THE UPTAKE OF IRON IN RABBIT SYNOVIAL TISSUE FOLLOWING INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION OF IRON DEXTRAN. A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY.. J Cell Biol 1964 Aug;22(2):351-64.
        pmc: PMC2106445pubmed: 14203385doi: 10.1083/jcb.22.2.351google scholar: lookup
      3. BARLAND P, NOVIKOFF AB, HAMERMAN D. Electron microscopy of the human synovial membrane.. J Cell Biol 1962 Aug;14(2):207-20.
        pmc: PMC2106097pubmed: 13865038doi: 10.1083/jcb.14.2.207google scholar: lookup
      4. BARLAND P, NOVIKOFF AB, HAMERMAN D. FINE STRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THE RHEUMATOID SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LYSOSOMES.. Am J Pathol 1964 May;44(5):853-66.
        pmc: PMC1907060pubmed: 14155029
      5. Barnett CH, Davies DV, MacConnaill MA. Synovial Joints. Their Structure and Mechanics.. Longman, Green & Co., Ltd., London 1961, p. 23–34.
      6. Bauer W, Bopes MV, Waine H. The physiology of articular structures.. Physiol. Rev. 1940, 20, 272–312.
      7. Bhawan J, Das Tandon H, Roy S. Ultrastructure of synovial membrane in pyogenic arthritis.. Arch Pathol 1973 Sep;96(3):155-60.
        pubmed: 4722877
      8. Bierther MFW, Streit W. Elektronmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Kniegelenksynovialis bei chronischer Polyarthritis. (Electronmicroscopical investigations on synovial membrane of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis).. Z. Rheuma-forsch. 1971, 30, 330–341.
      9. Brånemark PI, Ekholm R, Goldie I. To the question of angiopathy in rheumatoid arthritis. An electron microscopic study.. Acta Orthop Scand 1969;40(2):153-75.
        pubmed: 5365156doi: 10.3109/17453676908989496google scholar: lookup
      10. Cherney D. Fine structure of the rabbit synovial membrane during an immunologically-induced arthritis treated with metylpred- nisolonacetate.. J. submicrosc. Cytol. 1971, 3, 217–229.
      11. Cutlip RC. Ultrastructure of the synovial membrane of lambs affected with chlamydial polyarthritis.. Am J Vet Res 1974 Feb;35(2):171-6.
        pubmed: 4360337
      12. Cutlip RC, Cheville NF. Structure of synovial membrane of sheep.. Am J Vet Res 1973 Jan;34(1):45-50.
        pubmed: 4683974
      13. Davies DV, Palfrey AJ. Electron microscopy of normal synovial membrane.. In Studies of the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints. F. G. Evans, ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1966, p. 1–16.
      14. Ghadially FN. Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell. A Text and Atlas of Physiological and Pathological Alterations in Cell Fine Structure.. London and Boston: Butterworths & Co. Ltd.; 1975.
      15. Ghadially FN, Roy S. Ultrastructure of Synovial Joints in Health and Disease.. London: Butterworths & Go. Ltd.; 1969.
      16. HIROHATA K, KOBAYASHI I. FINE STRUCTURES OF THE SYNOVIAL TISSUES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. Kobe J Med Sci 1964 Dec;10:195-225.
        pubmed: 14291103
      17. Hirohata K, Morimoto K. Ultrastructure of bone and joint diseases.. Excerpta Med. (Amst.) 1971.
      18. Key JA. The synovial membrane of joints and bursae.. In Special Cytology. {jrII}. Paul B. Hoeber, ed., New York 1932, 2, 1055–1076.
      19. Langer E, Huth F. Untersuchungen über den submikroskopischen Bau der Synovialmembran. (Investigations on the submicro- scopical structures of synovial membrane). Z. Zenforsch. 1960;51:545–549.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00335756google scholar: lookup
      20. LEVER JD, FORD EH. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic observations on synovial membrane.. Anat Rec 1958 Dec;132(4):525-39.
        pubmed: 13650183doi: 10.1002/ar.1091320402google scholar: lookup
      21. Muirden KD. An electron microscope study of the uptake of ferritin by the synovial membrane.. Arthr. and Rheum. 1963;6:289.
      22. Nilsson G, Olsson SE. Radiologic and patho-anatomic changes in the distal joints and the phalanges of the standardbred horse.. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1973;44(0):1-57.
        pubmed: 4529375
      23. Nilsson G, Persson L. Changes in the synovial fluid of equine fetlock joints with lesions in the cartilage and joint capsule. A study in the standardbred horse.. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1973;44(0):99-107.
        pubmed: 4529168
      24. Norton WL, Ziff M. Electron microscopic observation on the rheumatoid synovial membrane.. Arthr. and Rheum. 1966, 9, 589–610.
      25. PARKER RH, PEARSON CM. A simplified synovial biopsy needle.. Arthritis Rheum 1963 Apr;6:172-6.
        pubmed: 13941493doi: 10.1002/art.1780060209google scholar: lookup
      26. Persson L. On the synovia in horses. A clinical and experimental study.. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1971;:Suppl 35:3-77.
        pubmed: 5285454
      27. Roberts ED, Ramsey FK, Switzer WP, Layton JM. Electron microscopy of procine synovial cell layer.. J Comp Pathol 1969 Jan;79(1):41-5.
        pubmed: 4180320doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(69)90025-5google scholar: lookup
      28. Roy S, Ghadially FN. Synthesis of hyaluronic acid by synovial cells.. J Pathol Bacteriol 1967 Apr;93(2):555-7.
        pubmed: 6061771doi: 10.1002/path.1700930216google scholar: lookup
      29. Schumacher HR Jr. The synovitis of pseudogout: electron microscopic observations.. Arthritis Rheum 1968 Jun;11(3):426-35.
        pubmed: 5657444doi: 10.1002/art.1780110308google scholar: lookup
      30. Schumacher HR, Kitridou RC. Synovitis of recent onset. A clinicopathologic study during the first month of disease.. Arthritis Rheum 1972 Sep-Oct;15(5):465-85.
        pubmed: 4117789doi: 10.1002/art.1780150502google scholar: lookup
      31. Strömberg B, Rejnö S. Osteochondrosis in the horse. I. A clinical and radiological investigation.. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 1976.
      32. Watanabe H, Spycher MA, Rüttner JR. Ultrastructural study of the normal rabbit synovium.. Pathol Microbiol (Basel) 1974;41(5):283-92.
        pubmed: 4444835doi: 10.1159/000162701google scholar: lookup
      33. Zichner L, Engel D. Electron microscopial examination of the ultra-sonic effect on the rabbit's synovial membrane.. Z Gesamte Exp Med Einschl Exp Chir 1971;154(1):1-13.
        pubmed: 5541833doi: 10.1007/bf02048761google scholar: lookup

      Citations

      This article has been cited 4 times.
      1. Johnston KM, Doige CE, Osborne AD. An evaluation of nonsuppurative joint disease in slaughter pigs. Can Vet J 1987 Apr;28(4):174-80.
        pubmed: 17422755
      2. Ekman L, Nilsson G, Persson L, Lumsden JH. Volume of the synovia in certain joint cavities in the horse. Acta Vet Scand 1981;22(1):23-31.
        doi: 10.1186/BF03547202pubmed: 7258028google scholar: lookup
      3. Jilani M, Ghadially FN. An ultrastructural study of age-associated changes in the rabbit synovial membrane. J Anat 1986 Jun;146:201-15.
        pubmed: 3693058
      4. Hoffer MA, Leach DH, Doige CE. The developmental anatomy of the equine navicular bursa and associated structures. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1989;179(4):355-67.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00305062pubmed: 2735530google scholar: lookup
      Subscribe to our newsletter
      Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.