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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(17); 2479; doi: 10.3390/ani15172479

Long-Term Changes of Physiological Reactions in Young Lipizzan Stallions During Exercise Testing.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the fluctuations of selected physiological parameters in young Lipizzan stallions ( = 10) during the initial phase of their training as indicators of adaptation to a graded exercise load and stress exposure. For this purpose, four exercise tests (ExT) with lunging were carried out over a period of one year. Physiological parameters (gait speed, heart and respiratory rate (HR and RR), rectal and body surface temperature (RT and BST), and cortisol and lactate concentration (CORT and LAC)) were measured before and after training. In all ExT, gait speeds increased ( < 0.001) during the transitions from walk to trot and canter, followed by a significant ( < 0.001) increase in HR, RT, BST, and CORT, but not LAC values. However, the gate speed has no influence on the measured parameters. The highest BST values and corresponding warming were measured in the cranial region, followed by the caudal and distal body regions. The values of the measured variables remained within the ranges for warm-blooded horses, indicating adequate adaptation of the stallions to the applied stress level, but their variations could depend on air temperature or humidity. The results presented contribute to the knowledge of the complex physiological processes that occur in horses during exercise and point to the importance of environmental factors for adaptation to exercise.
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Publication Date: 2025-08-23 PubMed ID: 40941274PubMed Central: PMC12427239DOI: 10.3390/ani15172479Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Objective Overview

Young Lipizzan stallions undergoing their initial training show changes in various physiological parameters during graded exercise tests, indicating how they adapt to exercise and stress over time.

Detailed Explanation

  • Study Aim:
    • To monitor changes in specific physiological parameters in young Lipizzan stallions during their first year of training.
    • To use these parameters as indicators of how the horses adapt to graded exercise and stress exposure.
  • Subjects and Methods:
    • Subjects: 10 young Lipizzan stallions.
    • Exercise Protocol: Four lunging exercise tests (ExT) conducted over one year.
    • Parameters Measured:
      • Gait speed during walk, trot, and canter.
      • Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR).
      • Rectal temperature (RT) and body surface temperature (BST).
      • Cortisol concentration (CORT) – a hormone associated with stress.
      • Lactate concentration (LAC) – a marker for anaerobic metabolism and fatigue.
    • Measurements were taken both before and after the training sessions.
  • Key Findings on Physiological Changes with Exercise:
    • Gait speed significantly increased when horses moved from walk to trot and to canter (p < 0.001), confirming successful graded exercise intensity.
    • Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), body surface temperature (BST), and cortisol levels (CORT) also showed significant increases after exercise (p < 0.001), indicating physiological and stress responses.
    • Lactate concentration (LAC) did not show significant variation with exercise, suggesting the exercise intensity remained mostly aerobic and did not induce large anaerobic metabolism.
    • The walking speed itself did not influence the other measured physiological parameters independently.
  • Body Temperature Observations:
    • Body surface temperature (BST) was highest in cranial (front) regions of the body.
    • Following cranial regions, caudal (rear) and then distal (limb) body regions showed lower BST readings, indicating uneven heat distribution during exercise.
  • Adaptation and Environmental Impact:
    • The physiological variables remained within normal ranges for warm-blooded horses, signifying that the horses adapted well to the applied exercise stress over time.
    • Variations in parameters may also be influenced by environmental factors such as air temperature and humidity, emphasizing the role of the horse’s external environment on physiological adaptation.
  • Significance of the Study:
    • Provides insight into the complex physiological processes in young horses during exercise training.
    • Highlights how key markers like heart rate, temperature, and cortisol reflect adaptation and stress responses.
    • Underlines the importance of regulating environmental conditions for optimal training and adaptation.
    • Potentially useful for horse trainers and veterinarians to monitor training progress and animal welfare during initial conditioning phases.

Cite This Article

APA
Čebulj-Kadunc N, Frangež R, Kruljc P. (2025). Long-Term Changes of Physiological Reactions in Young Lipizzan Stallions During Exercise Testing. Animals (Basel), 15(17), 2479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15172479

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 17
PII: 2479

Researcher Affiliations

Čebulj-Kadunc, Nina
  • Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Frangež, Robert
  • Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Kruljc, Peter
  • Clinic for Breeding and Health Care of Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Grant Funding

  • P4-0053 / The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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