FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(10); doi: 10.3390/ani11102885

Maternal and Neonatal Evaluation of Derived Reactive Oxygen Metabolites and Biological Antioxidant Potential in Donkey Mares and Foals.

Abstract: Our aim was to measure the concentrations of derived reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) of donkey mares and foals at delivery and to verify the protective role of the placenta against fetal oxidative stress. A total of 15 Amiata jennies with a physiological gestation length and delivery were included together with 17 foals (two twin foalings). After delivery, maternal and foal venous blood samples were collected along with blood from the artery. Circulating lactate and plasma d-ROMs and BAP were evaluated. The Wilcoxon test for paired data was applied to verify differences in d-ROMs and BAP values, while the Spearman test was used to evaluate correlations. A significantly higher d-ROMs concentration was found in jennies compared to their foals, and to the umbilical artery blood. The BAP was higher in jennies than in their foals, but no differences were observed in the umbilical artery blood. No difference was found between foals and their umbilical cord. Blood lactate was higher in foals than in their dams. Positive correlations were found between mares and umbilical cord for BAP and d-ROMs, and between mares and foals and umbilical cord for BAP. In conclusion, the placenta may be a protective factor for the fetus. As with equine foals, the antioxidant system of donkey foals does not seems to be effective at birth.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-10-03 PubMed ID: 34679906PubMed Central: PMC8532772DOI: 10.3390/ani11102885Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study investigates the protective role of the placenta in combating oxidative stress on donkey foals during birth, particularly through the analysis of reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) concentrations.

Objectives and Methodology

  • The primary objective of the research was to measure and compare the concentrations of d-ROMs and BAP in both donkey mares and their foals at the time of delivery in an effort to deduce the protective capabilities of the placenta against oxidative stress on the fetus.
  • The study included 15 Amiata Donkey mares which had a typical gestation period and birth. Also, a total of 17 foals were considered (two being twin births).
  • Post delivery, blood samples from both the mare and foal’s veins along with the blood from the umbilical artery were collected for analysis.
  • The team then scrutinized the circulating lactate in the blood and the plasma d-ROMs and BAP levels.
  • Two tests were employed to interpret the data: The Wilcoxon test for evaluating the differences in d-ROMs and BAP values, and the Spearman test for estimating the correlations.

Key Findings

  • The concentration of d-ROMs in mares was significantly higher than in their respective foals, and also more than the quantity found in the umbilical artery blood.
  • The BAP was greater in mares compared to the foals, however, the concentration in the umbilical artery blood remained constant.
  • The amount of lactate in the blood was greater in the foals when matched with the mares.
  • Positive correlations were found: between mare and umbilical cord for d-ROMs and BAP; and between mare, foals, and the umbilical cord for BAP.

Conclusions

  • The placenta appears to be instrumental in safeguarding the fetus, presuming that the significant variation in d-ROMs and BAP values between the mares and foals can define its protective functioning against oxidative stress.
  • Similar to equine foals, the antioxidant system of donkey foals does not seem to be fully operational at birth, suggesting a dependency on the placenta for protection against oxidative stress.

Cite This Article

APA
Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Percacini G, Pasquini A, Rota A. (2021). Maternal and Neonatal Evaluation of Derived Reactive Oxygen Metabolites and Biological Antioxidant Potential in Donkey Mares and Foals. Animals (Basel), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102885

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 10

Researcher Affiliations

Sgorbini, Micaela
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
Bonelli, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
Percacini, Giulia
  • Veterinary Practitioner, 16121 Genova, Italy.
Pasquini, Anna
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
Rota, Alessandra
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 57 references
  1. Sanchez-Rodriguez M.A., Mendoza-Nunez V.M.. Oxidative stress indexes for diagnosis of health or disease in humans.. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019;2019:4128152.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/4128152pmc: PMC6899293pubmed: 31885788google scholar: lookup
  2. Wu F., Tian F.J., Lin Y., Xu W.M.. Oxidative stress: Placenta function and dysfunction.. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2016;76:258–271.
    doi: 10.1111/aji.12454pubmed: 26589876google scholar: lookup
  3. Trachootham D., Alexandre J., Huang P.. Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: A radical therapeutic approach?. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2009;8:579–591.
    doi: 10.1038/nrd2803pubmed: 19478820google scholar: lookup
  4. Agarwal A., Gupta S., Sharma R.K.. Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction.. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2005;3:28.
    doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-28pmc: PMC1215514pubmed: 16018814google scholar: lookup
  5. Wu F., Tian F., Lin Y.. Oxidative stress in placenta: Health and disease.. BioMed Res. Intern. 2015:293271.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/293271pmc: PMC4676991pubmed: 26693479google scholar: lookup
  6. Schoots M.H., Gordijn S.J., Scherjon S.A., Van Goor H.. Oxidative stress in placental pathology.. Placenta. 2018;69:153–161.
    doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.003pubmed: 29622278google scholar: lookup
  7. Perrone S., Tataranno M.L., Negro S., Cornacchione S., Longini M., Proietti F., Soubasi V., Benders M.J., Van Bel F., Buonocore G.. May oxidative stress biomarkers in cords blood predict the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infant?. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:128–131.
    doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.663197pubmed: 22339378google scholar: lookup
  8. Sciorsci R.L., Mutinati M., Piccinno M., Lillo E., Rizzo A.. Oxidative status along different stages of pregnancy in dairy cows.. Large Anim. Rev. 2020;26:223–228.
  9. Lista G., Castoldi F., Compagnoni G., Maggioni C., Cornelissen G., Halberg F.. Neonatal and maternal concentrations of hydroxil radical and total antioxidant system: Protective role of placenta against fetal oxidative stress.. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 2010;31:319–324.
    pubmed: 20588236
  10. Mutlu B., Aksoy N., Cakir H., Celik H., Erel O.. The effects of the mode of delivery on oxidative-antioxidative balance.. J Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24:1367–1370.
    doi: 10.3109/14767058.2010.548883pubmed: 21247235google scholar: lookup
  11. Perrone S., Tataranno M.L., Negro S., Longini M., Toti M.S., Alagna M.G., Proietti F., Bazzini F., Toti P., Bonocore G.. Placental histological examination and the relationship with oxidative stress in preterm infants.. Placenta. 2016;46:72–78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.08.084pubmed: 27697224google scholar: lookup
  12. Qanungo S., Sen A., Mukherjea M.. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in human feto-placental unit.. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1999;285:1–12.
    doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00051-0pubmed: 10481918google scholar: lookup
  13. Aljunaidy M.M., Morton J.S., Cooke C.-L.M., Davidge S.T.. Prenatal hypoxia and placental oxidative stress: Linkages to developmental origins of cardiovascular disease.. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2017;313:R395–R399.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00245.2017pubmed: 28794104google scholar: lookup
  14. Castillo C., Hernandez J., Bravo A., Alonso M.L., Pereira V., Benedino J.L.. Oxidative status during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cows.. Vet. J. 2005;169:286–292.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.02.001pubmed: 15727923google scholar: lookup
  15. Castillo C., Hernandez J., Pereira V., Sotillo J., Alonso M.L., Benedino J.L.. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) during lactation in dairy cows.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2006;80:133–139.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.06.003pubmed: 16084546google scholar: lookup
  16. Gaal T., Ribiczeyne-Szabo P., Stadler K., Jakus J., Reiczigel J., Kover P., Mezes M., Sumeghy L.. Free radicals, lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system in the blood of cows and newborn calves around calving.. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2006;143:391–396.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.12.014pubmed: 16478674google scholar: lookup
  17. Rizzo A., Ceci E., Pantaleo M., Mutinati M., Spedicato M., Minoia G., Sciorsci R.L.. Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early post-partum of dairy cows.. Animal. 2013;7:118–123.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731112001048pubmed: 23031735google scholar: lookup
  18. Invernizzi G., Koutsouli P., Savoini G., Mariani E., Rebucci R., Baldi A., Politis I.. Oxidative indices as metabolic stress predictors in periparturient dairy cows.. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2019;18:1356–1360.
    doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2019.1661803google scholar: lookup
  19. Abuelo A., Hernandex J., Benedito J.L., Castillo C.. Redox biology in transition periods of dairy cattle: Role in the health of periparturient and neonatal animals.. Antioxidants. 2019;8:20.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox8010020pmc: PMC6356809pubmed: 30642108google scholar: lookup
  20. Gabai G., Testoni S., Piccinini R., Marinelli L., Howard C.M., Stradaioli G.. Oxidative stress in primiparous cows in relation to dietary starch and the progress of lactation.. Anim. Sci. 2004;79:99–108.
    doi: 10.1017/S1357729800054576google scholar: lookup
  21. Albera E., Kankofer M.. The comparison of antioxidative/oxidative profile in blood, colostrum and milk of early post-partum cows and their newborns.. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2011;46:763–769.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01737.xpubmed: 21198972google scholar: lookup
  22. Rizzo A., Mutinati M., Spedicato M., Minoia G., Trisolini C., Jirillo F., Sciorsci R.L.. First demonstration of an increased serum level of reactive oxygen species during the peripartal period in the ewes.. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2008;30:741–746.
    doi: 10.1080/08923970802279050pubmed: 18975384google scholar: lookup
  23. Mutinati M., Piccinno M., Roncetti M., Campanile D., Rizzo A., Sciorsci R.. Oxidative stress during pregnancy in the sheep.. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2013;48:353–357.
    doi: 10.1111/rda.12141pubmed: 23346938google scholar: lookup
  24. Celi P.. The role of oxidative stress in small ruminants’ health and production.. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 2010;39:348–363.
    doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001300038google scholar: lookup
  25. Sgorbini M., Bonelli F., Rota A., Marmorini P., Biagi G., Corazza M., Pasquini A.. Maternal and neonatal evaluation of derivated reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential in the horse.. Theriogenology. 2015;83:48–51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.041pubmed: 25447151google scholar: lookup
  26. Tsubone H., Hanafusa M., Endo M., Manabe N., Hiraga A., Ohmura H., Aida H.. Effect of treadmill exercise and hydrogen-rich water intake on serum oxidative and anti-oxidative metabolites in serum of Thoroughbred horses.. J. Equine Sci. 2013;24:1–8.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.24.1pmc: PMC4013981pubmed: 24833996google scholar: lookup
  27. Shono S., Gin A., Minowa F., Okubo K., Mochizuki M.. The oxidative stress markers of horses-the comparison with other animals and the influence of exercise and disease.. Animals. 2020;10:617.
    doi: 10.3390/ani10040617pmc: PMC7222798pubmed: 32260122google scholar: lookup
  28. Bottegaro N.B., Gotic J., Šuran J., Brozic D., Klobucar K., Bojanic K., Vrbanac Z.. Effect of prolonged submaximal exercise on serum oxidative stress biomarkers (d-ROMs, MDA, BAP) and oxidative stress index in endurance horses.. BMC Vet. Res. 2018;14:216.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1540-ypmc: PMC6035461pubmed: 29980209google scholar: lookup
  29. Tsuzuki N., Sasaki N., Kusano K., Endo Y., Torisu S.. Oxidative stress markers in Thoroughbred horses after castration surgery under inhalation anesthesia.. J. Equine Sci. 2016;27:77–79.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.27.77pmc: PMC4914400pubmed: 27330401google scholar: lookup
  30. Martuzzi F., Bresciani C., Simoni M., Basini G., Quarantelli A., Righi F.. Evaluation of the oxidative status of periparturient mares supplemented with high amount of alfa-tocopherol.. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2019;18:1404–1409.
    doi: 10.1080/1828051X.2019.1677518google scholar: lookup
  31. Crowley J., Po E., Celi P., Muscatello G.. Systemic and respiratory oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. Equine Vet. J. 2013;45:20–25.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12166pubmed: 24304399google scholar: lookup
  32. Falomo M.E., Del Re B., Rossi M., Giaretta E., Da Dalt L., Gabai G.. Relationship between postpartum uterine involution and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically healthy mares (Equus caballus). Heliyon. 2020;6:e03691.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03691pmc: PMC7125350pubmed: 32258514google scholar: lookup
  33. De Souza D.F., Alonso M.A., Brito M.M., Meirelles M.G., Francischini M.C.P., Nichi M., Fernandes C.B.. Oxidative state in equine neonates: Anti- and pro-oxidants.. Equine Vet. J. 2021;53:379–384.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13297pubmed: 32492758google scholar: lookup
  34. Kojouri G.A., Sharifi S.. Preventing effect of nano-selenium particles on serum concentration of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total protein during intense exercise in donkey.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:597–600.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.09.008google scholar: lookup
  35. Elmeligy E., Abdelbaset A., Elsayed H.K., Bayomi S.A., Hafez A., Abu-Seida A.M., El-Khabaz K.A.S., Hassan D., Ghandour R.A., Khalphallah A.. Oxidative stress in Strongylus spp. infected donkeys treated with piperazine citrate versus doramectin.. Open Vet. J. 2021;11:238–250.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i2.8pmc: PMC8288743pubmed: 34307081google scholar: lookup
  36. D’Alessandro A.G., Casamassima D., Jirillo F., Martemucci G.. Effects of verbascoside administration on the blood parameters and oxidative status in jennies and their suckling foals: Potential improvement of milk for human use.. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets. 2014;14:102–112.
    doi: 10.2174/1871530314666140407152347pubmed: 24712667google scholar: lookup
  37. Crisci A., Rota A., Panzani D., Sgorbini M., Ousey J.C., Camillo F.. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and endocrinological studies on donkey pregnancy.. Theriogenology. 2014;81:275–283.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.026pubmed: 24157228google scholar: lookup
  38. Carluccio A., De Amicis I., Panzani S., Tosi U., Faustini M., Veronesi M.C.. Electrolytes changes in mammary secretions before foaling in jennies.. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2008;43:162–165.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00871.xpubmed: 18325006google scholar: lookup
  39. Bonelli F., Nocera I., Conte G., Panzani D., Sgorbini M.. Relation between Apgar scoring and physical parameters in 44 newborn Amiata donkey foals at birth.. Theriogenology. 2020;42:310–314.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.020pubmed: 31711687google scholar: lookup
  40. Celi P., Sullivan M., Evans D.. The stability of the reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) tests on stored horse blood.. Vet. J. 2010;183:217–218.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.018pubmed: 19010703google scholar: lookup
  41. Jansen E.H.J.M., Beekhof P.K., Viezeliene D., Muzakova V., Skalicky J.. Long-term stability of oxidative stress biomarkers in human serum.. Free Radic. Res. 2017;51:970–977.
    doi: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1398403pubmed: 29083271google scholar: lookup
  42. Kirschvink N., Moffarts B., Lekeux P.. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses.. Vet. J. 2008;2:178–191.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.033pubmed: 17897849google scholar: lookup
  43. Rogers M.S., Mongelli M., Tsang K.H., Wang C.C.. Fetal and maternal levels of lipid peroxides in term pregnancies.. Acta Obs. Gynecol. Scand. 1999;78:120–124.
    pubmed: 10023874
  44. Walsh S.W., Wang Y.. Secretion of lipid peroxides by human placenta.. Am. J. Obs. Gynecol. 1993;169:1462–1466.
    doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90419-Jpubmed: 8267047google scholar: lookup
  45. Walsh S.W., Wang Y., Jesse R.. Placental reproduction of lipid peroxides, thromboxane and prostacyclin in pre-eclampsia.. Hipertens Pregnancy. 1996;15:101–111.
    doi: 10.3109/10641959609015693google scholar: lookup
  46. Pirrone A., Mariella J., Gentilini F., Castagnetti C.. Amniotic fluid and blood lactate concentrations in mares and foals in the early postpartum period.. Theriogenology. 2012;78:1182–1189.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.032pubmed: 22898010google scholar: lookup
  47. Arguelles S., Machado M.J., Ayala A., Machado A., Hervias B.. Correlation between circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress of maternal and umbilical cord blood at birth.. Free Radic. Res. 2006;40:565–570.
    doi: 10.1080/10715760500519834pubmed: 16753833google scholar: lookup
  48. Paamoni-Keren O., Silberstein T., Burg A., Raz I., Mazor M., Saphier O., Weintraub A.Y.. Oxidative stress as determined by glutathione (GSH) concentrations in venous cord blood in elective cesarean delivery versus uncomplicated vaginal delivery.. Arch. Gynecol. Obs. 2007;276:43–46.
    doi: 10.1007/s00404-006-0304-2pubmed: 17333227google scholar: lookup
  49. Vakilian K., Ranjbar A., Zarganjfard A., Mortazavi M., Vosough-Ghanbari S., Mashiee S., Abdollahi M.. On the relation of oxidative stress in delivery mode in pregnant women; a toxicological concern.. Toxicol. Mech. Methods. 2009;19:94–99.
    doi: 10.1080/15376510802232134pubmed: 19778252google scholar: lookup
  50. Kobayashi H., Iorio E.L., Yoshino A.. Effects of mode of delivery on pro-oxidant/ antioxidant balance in fetal circulation.. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32:3294–3299.
    doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1526911pubmed: 30231659google scholar: lookup
  51. Schenker S., Yang Y., Perez A., Acuff R.V., Papas A.M., Henderson G., Lee M.P.. Antioxidant transport by the human placenta.. Clin. Nutr. 1988;17:159–167.
    doi: 10.1016/S0261-5614(98)80052-6pubmed: 10205334google scholar: lookup
  52. Nalos M., McLean A.S., Huang S.. Rivisiting lactate in critical illness.. In: Vincent J.L., editor. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency. Springer; Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: 2013. pp. 413–423.
  53. Brucknerova I., Ujhazy E., Dubovicky M., Mach M.. Oxidative stress in twins.. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 2013;34:71–73.
    pubmed: 24362095
  54. Lazar R., Orvos H., Szollosi R., Varga I.S.. The quality of the antioxidant defense system in term and preterm twin neonates.. Redox. Rep. 2014;20:103–108.
    doi: 10.1179/1351000214Y.0000000111pmc: PMC6837419pubmed: 25363379google scholar: lookup
  55. Chakraborty P., Dugmonits K.N., Orvos H., Hermesz E.. Mature twin neonates exhibit oxidative stress via nitric oxide synthase dysfunctionality: A prognostic stress marker in the red blood cells and umbilical cord vessels.. Antioxidants. 2020;9:845.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9090845pmc: PMC7555925pubmed: 32927592google scholar: lookup
  56. Canisso I.F., Panzani D., Mirò J., Ellerbrock R.E.. Key aspects of donkey and mule reproduction.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2019;35:607–642.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.014pubmed: 31672204google scholar: lookup
  57. Veronesi M.C., Villani M., Wilsher S., Contri A., Carluccio A.. Comparative stereological study of the term placenta in the donkey, pony and thoroughbred.. Theriogenology. 2010;74:627–631.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.03.006pubmed: 20494422google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Biancani B, Carosi M, Capasso M, Rossi G, Tafuri S, Ciani F, Cotignoli C, Zinno F, Venturelli E, Galliani M, Spani F. Assessment of Oxidative Stress and Biometric Data in a Captive Colony of Hamadryas Baboons (Papio hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758) at the Ravenna Zoo Safari (Italy). Vet Sci 2025 May 13;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12050466pubmed: 40431559google scholar: lookup
  2. Del Prete C, Vastolo A, Pasolini MP, Cocchia N, Montano C, Cutrignelli MI. Effects of maternal dietary supplementation with antioxidants on clinical status of mares and their foal. BMC Vet Res 2024 Sep 11;20(1):404.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04252-zpubmed: 39256763google scholar: lookup
  3. Grzeszczak K, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Malinowski W, Ziętek P, Kosik-Bogacka D. Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy. Biomolecules 2023 Dec 9;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/biom13121768pubmed: 38136639google scholar: lookup
  4. Nocera I, Bonelli F, Turini L, Madrigali A, Aliboni B, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat Thickness in Dairy Jennies during the Periparturient Period. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 26;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12111359pubmed: 35681823google scholar: lookup
  5. Lisuzzo A, Bonelli F, Sgorbini M, Nocera I, Cento G, Mazzotta E, Turini L, Martini M, Salari F, Morgante M, Badon T, Fiore E. Differences of the Plasma Total Lipid Fraction from Pre-Foaling to Post-Foaling Period in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 26;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12030304pubmed: 35158628google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.