FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Measurement of Trace Elements (Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, and ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(12); doi: 10.3390/ani14121724

Measurement of Trace Elements (Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, and Iron) in the Saliva of Horses: Validation Data and Changes in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS).

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible use of spectrophotometric assays for the measurement of trace elements, including Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in the saliva of horses and study their possible changes in equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). EGUS is a highly prevalent disease, with a current high incidence due to the increase in intensive management conditions. There are two EGUS diseases: equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD), which can appear individually or together. For this purpose, automated spectrophotometric assays for measuring these analytes in horse saliva were analytically validated. Then, these analytes were measured in the saliva of horses with only ESGD, only EGGD, both ESGD and EGGD and a group of healthy horses. The methods used to measure the analytes were precise and accurate. Horses diagnosed with EGGD presented significantly lower levels of Zn and Mg. Fe concentrations were significantly lower in the saliva of horses with ESGD and EGGD. Overall, these results indicate that there are changes in trace elements in saliva in EGUS that could reflect the physiopathological mechanisms involved in this process and open the possibility of using trace elements as biomarkers of this syndrome.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-06-07 PubMed ID: 38929343PubMed Central: PMC11201168DOI: 10.3390/ani14121724Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigated the prospects of utilizing spectrophotometric assays to measure trace elements, notably Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, and Iron, in horse saliva as potential indicators of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). The study determined that variations in these elements’ concentrations could be linked to the disease’s physiological mechanisms, suggesting their potential as biomarkers.

Objective of the Research

  • The research aimed to explore the use of spectrophotometric assays as tools to measure the concentrations of specific trace elements, namely, Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, and Iron, in horse saliva.
  • It also aimed to establish whether any changes in the concentrations of these elements could be associated with equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS), a common disease in horses primarily due to increasing intensive management conditions.

Methodology

  • The researchers validated automated spectrophotometric assays, which were then used to measure the concentrations of the trace elements in the saliva of various groups of horses.
  • These groups included horses suffering only from equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), those suffering only from equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD), those suffering from both, and a group of healthy horses serving as a control group.
  • The methods used in the study provided accurate and precise results regarding the concentrations of the trace elements in the different groups of horses.

Findings

  • The concentration of Zinc and Magnesium in horses suffering from EGGD were found to be notably lower compared to the control group.
  • Iron levels were significantly reduced in horses diagnosed with either ESGD or EGGD.
  • Such changes in the concentrations of these trace elements in the saliva of horses suggest that they could be reflective of the physiological alterations caused by EGUS.
  • The findings suggest that these trace elements might have potential as biomarkers for EGUS, providing a non-invasive method for early detection and monitoring of the disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Cuervo MM, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Ayala I, Oí«š-Guillén A, Pardo-Marín L, Hansen S. (2024). Measurement of Trace Elements (Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, and Iron) in the Saliva of Horses: Validation Data and Changes in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS). Animals (Basel), 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121724

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 12

Researcher Affiliations

Muñoz-Prieto, Alberto
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Cerón, José Joaquín
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Tecles, Fernando
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Cuervo, María Martín
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
Contreras-Aguilar, Maria Dolores
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Ayala, Ignacio
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Oí«š-Guillén, Adrián
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Pardo-Marín, Luis
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Hansen, Sanni
  • Section Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.

Grant Funding

  • RYC2021-033660-I / MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

This article includes 42 references
  1. Ward S, Sykes BW, Brown H, Bishop A, Penaluna LA. A Comparison of the Prevalence of Gastric Ulceration in Feral and Domesticated Horses in the UK. Equine Vet. Educ. 2015;27:655–657.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12491google scholar: lookup
  2. Muñoz-Prieto A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Martin-Cuervo M, Gonzalez-Sanchez JC, Jacobsen S, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Rubic I. Changes in Proteins in Saliva and Serum in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Using a Proteomic Approach. Animals 2022;12:1169.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091169pmc: PMC9103582pubmed: 35565595google scholar: lookup
  3. Thompson RN, Pearson E, McDonough SP, Iannitti H, Van de Walle GR, Banse H, Perkins GA, Tomlinson JE. Equine Gamma Herpesvirus Presence and Viral Load Are Not Associated with Equine Glandular Gastric Disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2024;1:1–9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0282pubmed: 38484465google scholar: lookup
  4. Banse HE, Andrews FM. Equine Glandular Gastric Disease: Prevalence, Impact and Management Strategies. Vet. Med. Res. Rep. 2019;10:69–76.
    doi: 10.2147/vmrr.s174427pmc: PMC6642651pubmed: 31406687google scholar: lookup
  5. Banse HE, Del Piero F, Andrews FM, Garcia-Abarca N, Watanabe TTN. Characterization of Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Cell Type in Equine Glandular Gastric Disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2023;1:1–8.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0129pubmed: 38041943google scholar: lookup
  6. Shah D, Sachdev HPS. Zinc Deficiency in Pregnancy and Fetal Outcome. Nutr. Rev. 2006;64:15–30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00169.xpubmed: 16491666google scholar: lookup
  7. Rodrigues LE, Galle P, Siry P, Vinhaes A. The Protective Effect of Zinc on Gastric Ulceration Caused by Ethanol Treatment. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1989;22:41–50.
    pubmed: 2758171
  8. Cho CH, Ogle CW, Dai S. Effects of Zinc Chloride on Gastric Secretion and Ulcer Formation in Pylorus-Occluded Rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1976;38:337–341.
    doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(76)90337-Xpubmed: 954846google scholar: lookup
  9. Frommer DJ. The Healing of Gastric Ulcer by Zinc Sulphate. Med. J. Aust. 1975;2:793–796.
    doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106311.xpubmed: 1107772google scholar: lookup
  10. Yazdanpanah K. Efficacy of Zinc Sulfate in Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial Study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016;10:OC11.
    doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/20834.8300pmc: PMC5028569pubmed: 27656478google scholar: lookup
  11. Öner G, Bor NM, Onuk E, Öner ZN. The Role of Zinc Ion in the Development of Gastric Ulcers in Rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1981;70:241–243.
    doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90221-1pubmed: 7262188google scholar: lookup
  12. El-Saadani MA, Nassar AY, Abou El-Ela SH, Metwally TH, Nafady AM. The Protective Effect of Copper Complexes against Gastric Mucosal Ulcer in Rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1993;46:1011–1018.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90665-Jpubmed: 8216343google scholar: lookup
  13. Boyle E, Freeman PC, Goudie AC, Mangan FR, Thomson M. The Role of Copper in Preventing Gastrointestinal Damage by Acidic Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2011;28:865–868.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1976.tb04081.xpubmed: 12259google scholar: lookup
  14. Alkindy M, Hamzah Abdulzahra Z, Naji Alnajem AA, Aziza Alchlaihawi MM, Mohammad Al-Rufaie MM. Serum Levels of Copper in Patients with Peptic Ulcer Disease and H. Pylori Infections in Najaf Governorate. Volume 25 Annals of Agri-bio Research Hisar, India: 2020.
  15. Adewoye EO, Salami AT. Anti-Ulcerogenic Mechanism of Magnesium in Indomethacin Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 2013;28:193–199.
    pubmed: 24937396
  16. Sandor V, Dragotoiu G, Cristea V, Muresan C, Krausz LT, Luca C. Effect of Magnesium sulphate in parenteral administration in acute reserpine induced ulcer in rats. Advances in Magnesium Research: New Data John Libbey Eurotext; Surrey, UK: 2006.
  17. Ige AO, Adewoye EO, Okwundu NC, Alade OE, Onuobia PC. Oral Magnesium Reduces Gastric Mucosa Susceptibility to Injury in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus. Pathophysiology 2016;23:87–93.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.04.003pubmed: 27133222google scholar: lookup
  18. Henrotte JG, Aymard N, Allix M, Boulu R. Effect of Pyridoxine and Magnesium on Stress-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice Selected for Low or High Blood Magnesium Levels. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 1995;39:285–290.
    doi: 10.1159/000177874pubmed: 8585697google scholar: lookup
  19. Smith IM, Bryson G, Glen P. Iron-Induced Gastric Ulceration with Radiological and Endoscopic Appearance of Carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2015211997.
    doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-211997pmc: PMC4600824pubmed: 26443099google scholar: lookup
  20. Eckstein RP, Symons P. Iron Tablets Cause Histopathologically Distinctive Lesions in Mucosal Biopsies of the Stomach and Esophagus. Pathology 1996;28:142–145.
    doi: 10.1080/00313029600169763pubmed: 8743820google scholar: lookup
  21. Muñoz-Prieto A, Llamas-Amor E, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Ayala I, Martín Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Hansen S. Automated Spectrophotometric Assays for the Measurement of Ammonia and Bicarbonate in Saliva of Horses: Analytical Validation and Changes in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) Metabolites. 2024;14:147.
    doi: 10.3390/metabo14030147pmc: PMC10972414pubmed: 38535307google scholar: lookup
  22. López-Martínez MJ, Lamy E, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Henriksen I-MH, Muñoz-Prieto A, Hansen S. Changes in the Saliva Proteome Analysed by Gel-Proteomics in Horses Diagnosed with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) at Diagnosis and after Successful Treatment. Res. Vet. Sci. 2024;167:105112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105112pubmed: 38176208google scholar: lookup
  23. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between Condition Score, Physical Measurements and Body Fat Percentage in Mares. Equine Vet. J. 1983;15:371–372.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.xpubmed: 6641685google scholar: lookup
  24. Muñoz-Prieto A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, de la Peña IA, Martín-Cuervo M, Eckersall PD, Henriksen I-MH, Tecles F, Hansen S. Changes in Calprotectin (S100A8-A9) and Aldolase in the Saliva of Horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Animals 2023;13:1367.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13081367pmc: PMC10135270pubmed: 37106929google scholar: lookup
  25. Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European College of Equine Internal Medicine Consensus Statement-Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015;29:1288–1299.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13578pmc: PMC4858038pubmed: 26340142google scholar: lookup
  26. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Martín-Cuervo M, Lamy E, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Changes in Saliva Analytes in Equine Acute Abdominal Disease: A Sialochemistry Approach. BMC Vet. Res. 2019;15:187.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6pmc: PMC6554884pubmed: 31170977google scholar: lookup
  27. Beckett JM, Hartley TF, Ball MJ. Evaluation of the Randox Colorimetric Serum Copper and Zinc Assays against Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Ann. Clin. Biochem. Int. J. Lab. Med. 2009;46:322–326.
    doi: 10.1258/acb.2009.008253pubmed: 19487410google scholar: lookup
  28. Montaño MD, Olesik JW, Barber AG, Challis K, Ranville JF. Single Particle ICP-MS: Advances toward Routine Analysis of Nanomaterials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016;408:5053–5074.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9676-8pubmed: 27334719google scholar: lookup
  29. Romano F, Castiblanco A, Spadotto F, Di Scipio F, Malandrino M, Berta GN, Aimetti M. ICP-Mass-Spectrometry Ionic Profile of Whole Saliva in Patients with Untreated and Treated Periodontitis. Biomedicines 2020;8:354.
    doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8090354pmc: PMC7555328pubmed: 32942752google scholar: lookup
  30. Magnusson B, Örnemark U. Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods—A Laboratory Guide to Method. 2nd ed. Eurachem; Helsinky, Sweden: 2014.
  31. Tiwari G, Tiwari R. Bioanalytical Method Validation: An Updated Review. Pharm. Methods 2010;2:25.
    doi: 10.4103/2229-4708.72226pmc: PMC3658022pubmed: 23781413google scholar: lookup
  32. Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Trace Elements and Ferritin in Pig Saliva: Variations during Fattening, Time of Sampling, Effect of Dirtiness and Stability under Different Storage Conditions. Antioxidants 2023;12:649.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox12030649pmc: PMC10045741pubmed: 36978897google scholar: lookup
  33. Khayamzadeh M, Najafi S, Sadrolodabaei P, Vakili F, Kharrazi Fard MJ. Determining Salivary and Serum Levels of Iron, Zinc and Vitamin B12 in Patients with Geographic Tongue. J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospects. 2019;13:221–226.
    doi: 10.15171/joddd.2019.034pmc: PMC6904920pubmed: 31857869google scholar: lookup
  34. Osadchuk L, Kleshchev M, Danilenko A, Osadchuk A. Impact of Seminal and Serum Zinc on Semen Quality and Hormonal Status: A Population-Based Cohort Study of Russian Young Men. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2021;68:126855.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126855pubmed: 34547694google scholar: lookup
  35. Ozutemiz AO, Aydin HH, Isler M, Celik HA, Batur Y. Effect of Omeprazole on Plasma Zinc Levels after Oral Zinc Administration. Indian. J. Gastroenterol. 2002;21:216–218.
    pubmed: 12546170
  36. . Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information No. 252. [(accessed on 2 March 2024)]; Available online: https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000207018.pdf.
  37. Prasad AS. Zinc in Human Health: Effect of Zinc on Immune Cells. Mol. Med. 2008;14:353–357.
    doi: 10.2119/2008-00033.Prasadpmc: PMC2277319pubmed: 18385818google scholar: lookup
  38. Ashique S, Kumar S, Hussain A, Mishra N, Garg A, Gowda BHJ, Farid A, Gupta G, Dua K, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. A Narrative Review on the Role of Magnesium in Immune Regulation, Inflammation, Infectious Diseases, and Cancer. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2023;42:74.
    doi: 10.1186/s41043-023-00423-0pmc: PMC10375690pubmed: 37501216google scholar: lookup
  39. Khomenko T, Szabo S, Deng X, Ishikawa H, Anderson GJ, McLaren GD. Role of Iron in the Pathogenesis of Cysteamine-Induced Duodenal Ulceration in Rats. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2009;296:G1277–G1286.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.90257.2008pmc: PMC3834006pubmed: 19342511google scholar: lookup
  40. Abraham SC, Yardley JH, Wu T-T. Erosive Injury to the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Patients Receiving Iron Medication. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1999;23:1241.
    doi: 10.1097/00000478-199910000-00009pubmed: 10524525google scholar: lookup
  41. Haig A, Driman DK. Iron-induced Mucosal Injury to the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. Histopathology 2006;48:808–812.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02448.xpubmed: 16722929google scholar: lookup
  42. Ni S, Yuan Y, Kuang Y, Li X. Iron Metabolism and Immune Regulation. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:816282.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816282pmc: PMC8983924pubmed: 35401569google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,001 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.