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Medial malleolus fragmentation following talocalcaneal arthrodesis by a dorsomedial approach in a horse.

Abstract: A 16-year-old, Quarter Horse mare was presented for a 3/5 right hind lameness associated with osteoarthritis of the talocalcaneal joint (TCLJ). Positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) demonstrated marked increased uptake of 18F-sodium fluoride and bone remodeling at the medial facet of the TCLJ, respectively. Under general anesthesia 2 cortical screws (4.5 and 5.5 mm) were placed in neutral fashion via an arthrotomy from dorsomedial to plantaromedial through the medial facet of the TCLJ followed by copious lavage of the tarsocrural joint. Eight weeks after surgery, observable effusion of the tarsocrural joint was present and lameness had worsened. Radiographic examination revealed a fragmented medial malleolus of the tibia, likely secondary to repetitive trauma of the screw heads during tarsal flexion. Repeated CT showed partial fusion of the TCLJ. Both screws were removed and the tarsocrural joint was thoroughly lavaged arthroscopically. At a 20-month recheck the lameness had not improved, and ultrasound examination revealed severe thickening of the TCLJ capsule. Recheck examination 48 mo after surgery showed complete fusion of the TCLJ and resolution of the lameness. Key clinical message: Diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the TCLJ is challenging. Management by arthrodesis using a dorsomedial approach can result in fragmentation of the medial malleolus, with secondary synovitis and capsulitis of the tarsocrural joint. Fragmentation de la malléole médiale suite à une arthrodèse talo-calcanéenne par voie dorsomédiale chez un cheval. Une jument Quarter Horse âgée de 16 ans a été présentée pour une boiterie postérieure droite de 3/5 associée à une arthrose de l’articulation talo-calcanéenne (TCLJ). La tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP) et la tomodensitométrie (CT) ont démontré une augmentation marquée de l’absorption du fluorure de sodium-18F et un remodelage osseux significatif au niveau de la facette médiale du TCLJ, respectivement. Sous anesthésie générale, deux vis corticales (4,5 et 5,5 mm) ont été placées de façon neutre via une arthrotomie dorsomédiale à plantaro-médiale à travers la face médiale du TCLJ suivie d’un lavage abondant de l’articulation tarsocrurale. Huit semaines après la chirurgie, un épanchement significatif de l’articulation tarso-crurale était présent et la boiterie s’était aggravée. L’examen radiographique a révélé une malléole médiale du tibia fragmentée, probablement secondaire à un traumatisme répétitif des têtes de vis lors de la flexion du tarse. La tomodensitométrie répétée a montré une fusion partielle du TCLJ. Les deux vis ont été retirées et l’articulation tarso-crurale a été soigneusement lavée par arthroscopie. Lors d’un nouveau contrôle après 20 mois, la boiterie ne s’était pas améliorée, et l’échographie a révélé un épaississement sévère de la capsule TCLJ. Un nouvel examen 48 mois après la chirurgie a montré une fusion complète du TCLJ et une résolution de la boiterie.Message clinique clé :Le diagnostic de l’arthrose du TCLJ est difficile. La prise en charge par arthrodèse par voie dorso-médiale peut entraîner une fragmentation de la malléole médiale, avec synovite secondaire et capsulite de l’articulation tarso-crurale.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Publication Date: 2021-08-04 PubMed ID: 34341600PubMed Central: PMC8281952
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Summary

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This research article details the case of a 16-year-old Quarter Horse mare who suffered from osteoarthritis of the talocalcaneal joint (TCLJ). The horse was treated with arthrodesis surgery using a dorsomedial approach, which unfortunately led to fragmentation of the medial malleolus and worsened lameness. Despite multiple interventions including screw removal and joint lavage, lameness persisted until 48 months post-surgery where a full fusion of TCLJ was achieved.

Introduction to the Case

  • The research begins by introducing a 16-year-old, Quarter Horse mare that was presented with right hind lameness. The lameness was attributed to osteoarthritis in the talocalcaneal joint (TCLJ), which is a joint in the horse’s hind limb.
  • Diagnostic tools included Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT) scans. These provided images revealing high uptake of 18F-sodium fluoride, indicating inflammation, and bone remodeling at the medial facet of the TCLJ.

Surgical Intervention and Result

  • The horse was placed under general anesthesia and two cortical screws were inserted into the joint through a dorsomedial to plantaromedial arthrotomy for TCLJ arthrodesis, which is a surgical procedure to fuse the affected joint.
  • Eight weeks post-operation, the horse’s lameness had unfortunately worsened and there was observable effusion in the tarsocrural joint.
  • Radiographic examinations revealed fragmented medial malleolus of the tibia. This was attributed to repetitive trauma from the screw heads during movement of the limb.

Subsequent Procedures and Long-Term Outcome

  • The screws were removed and the joint was arthroscopically lavaged, or cleaned, to provide relief. However, at a 20-month check, lameness had not improved. An ultrasound revealed severe thickening of the TCLJ capsule, indicating complications secondary to the surgery.
  • Despite these complications, a re-evaluation 48 months post-surgery showed complete fusion of the TCLJ and resolution of the lameness.

Key Clinical Message

  • The case demonstrates that diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the TCLJ in horses is challenging. Complications can arise following TCLJ arthrodesis, particularly when employing a dorsomedial approach.
  • These complications can include fragmentation of the medial malleolus — a process that can lead to worsening of lameness, synovitis, and capsulitis of the tarsocrural joint.

Cite This Article

APA
Espinosa-Mur P, Spriet M, Nogues MP, Cullen T, Galuppo LD. (2021). Medial malleolus fragmentation following talocalcaneal arthrodesis by a dorsomedial approach in a horse. Can Vet J, 62(8), 861-866.

Publication

ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 62
Issue: 8
Pages: 861-866

Researcher Affiliations

Espinosa-Mur, Pablo
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Espinosa Mur), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Spriet, Galuppo); Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Perez Nogues, Cullen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Spriet, Mathieu
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Espinosa Mur), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Spriet, Galuppo); Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Perez Nogues, Cullen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Nogues, Marcos Perez
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Espinosa Mur), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Spriet, Galuppo); Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Perez Nogues, Cullen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Cullen, Thomas
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Espinosa Mur), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Spriet, Galuppo); Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Perez Nogues, Cullen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Galuppo, Larry D
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Espinosa Mur), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Spriet, Galuppo); Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Perez Nogues, Cullen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Arthrodesis / veterinary
  • Bone Screws / veterinary
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / diagnostic imaging
  • Horse Diseases / surgery
  • Horses
  • Osteoarthritis / diagnostic imaging
  • Osteoarthritis / surgery
  • Osteoarthritis / veterinary
  • Synovitis / veterinary
  • Tibia / diagnostic imaging
  • Tibia / surgery

References

This article includes 10 references
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