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Journal of bacteriology2009; 191(12); 3881-3891; doi: 10.1128/JB.00222-09

Microarray identification of Clostridium difficile core components and divergent regions associated with host origin.

Abstract: Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. Recently, the incidence and severity of human C. difficile infection has markedly increased. In this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 C. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from C. difficile strains 630 and QCD-32g58. The sequenced genome of C. difficile strain 630 was used as a reference to define a candidate core genome of C. difficile and to explore correlations between host origins and genetic diversity. Approximately 16% of the genes in strain 630 were highly conserved among all strains, representing the core complement of functional genes defining C. difficile. Absent or divergent genes in the tested strains were distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all the predicted functional categories. Interestingly, certain genes were conserved among strains from a specific host species, but divergent in isolates with other host origins. This information provides insight into the genomic changes which might contribute to host adaptation. Due to a high degree of divergence among C. difficile strains, a core gene list from this study offers the first step toward the construction of diagnostic arrays for C. difficile.
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Publication Date: 2009-04-17 PubMed ID: 19376880PubMed Central: PMC2698405DOI: 10.1128/JB.00222-09Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the genetic makeup of 73 strains of Clostridium difficile, a bacteria that can cause infection in humans and many animal species. The study aimed to define a common ‘core genome’ and look for patterns or differences related to the host species the strains were isolated from. The researchers found that around 16% of the core genes were widely shared across strains, with a significant amount of variability amongst the rest. This variability may contribute to how the bacteria adapts to different hosts.

Understanding Clostridium difficile

  • Clostridium difficile is a type of bacteria that can lead to serious infections in both human beings and a variety of animal species.
  • In recent years, instances of infections from this bacterium in humans have seen a significant increase, leading to a greater need for in-depth study and understanding of its properties.
  • The bacteria is spore-forming, anaerobic, and marked as an ‘enteric anaerobe’, illustrating its preference for environments devoid of oxygen, particularly within the intestinal tract.

Microarray Identification and Comparative Genomic Hybridization

  • The research involves a complex process known as comparative genomic hybridization using microarrays, to study the genetic content of 73 different C. difficile strains.
  • This technology allows scientists to investigate and compare the DNA sequences of these strains, which plays a pivotal role in discovering any links between the genetic makeup and the pathogenic nature of the bacteria.
  • In this context, the genome of C. difficile strain 630 serves as the reference model to define a potential core genome of C.difficile.

Defining Core Genome and Recognizing Divergent Regions

  • The core genome of C. difficile includes the collection of genes that are found in all strains of the bacteria. In the case of C. difficile, approximately 16% of the genes were highly conserved across all the strains, thereby becoming a part of the core genome.
  • However, the researchers encountered an extent of absent or divergent genes distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all predicted functional categories of genes.
  • These findings suggest that while there’s a set of core, conserved genes, a significant proportion of the C. difficile genome varies depending on the strain.

Implications of Genetic Divergence and Host Adaptation

  • These gene variations might impart C. difficile the ability to adapt and infect various host species. Specifically, some genes found among strains from a particular host species were not present in isolates from other host origins.
  • Thus, the divergence may indicate the bacteria’s genetic flexibility and reflect its potential for adaptation to new environments or hosts.
  • The extensive divergence observed among the strains also lays down the foundation to develop diagnostic arrays in the future, offering new ways to detect infections caused by C. difficile.

Cite This Article

APA
Janvilisri T, Scaria J, Thompson AD, Nicholson A, Limbago BM, Arroyo LG, Songer JG, Gröhn YT, Chang YF. (2009). Microarray identification of Clostridium difficile core components and divergent regions associated with host origin. J Bacteriol, 191(12), 3881-3891. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00222-09

Publication

Journal of bacteriology
ISSN: 1098-5530
NlmUniqueID: 2985120R
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 191
Issue: 12
Pages: 3881-3891

Researcher Affiliations

Janvilisri, Tavan
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Scaria, Joy
    Thompson, Angela D
      Nicholson, Ainsley
        Limbago, Brandi M
          Arroyo, Luis G
            Songer, J Glenn
              Gröhn, Yrjö T
                Chang, Yung-Fu

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Animals
                  • Bacterial Proteins / genetics
                  • Cattle
                  • Cattle Diseases / microbiology
                  • Clostridioides difficile / classification
                  • Clostridioides difficile / genetics
                  • Clostridioides difficile / isolation & purification
                  • Clostridioides difficile / pathogenicity
                  • Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / microbiology
                  • Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / veterinary
                  • Evolution, Molecular
                  • Genome, Bacterial
                  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
                  • Horses
                  • Host-Pathogen Interactions
                  • Humans
                  • Molecular Sequence Data
                  • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
                  • Phylogeny
                  • Species Specificity
                  • Swine
                  • Swine Diseases / microbiology
                  • Virulence

                  Grant Funding

                  • N01AI30054 / NIAID NIH HHS

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