Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
MMP-9 as a marker of inflammation in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) and in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of COPD horses.
Abstract: Gelatinolytic activity was analysed to study whether elevated activity previously found at the tracheal level of the respiratory tract of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could also be found at the lower part of the respiratory tract. Furthermore, presence and significance of the gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9 in respiratory secretions of healthy and COPD horses were determined. Elevated gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases were detected in bronchoalveolar and tracheobronchial secretions from COPD horses. The main pathologically elevated MMP was characterised to be MMP-9. Significantly increased MMP-9 activities as measured by gelatin zymography and Western blotting were found in all the respiratory samples from COPD horses compared to healthy horses. Elevation of active MMP-9 paralleled with increased gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes expressed MMP-9 immunoreactivity demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and MMP-9 mRNA was expressed by bronchial epithelial cells of lung tissue section shown by in situ hybridisation. MMP-2 seems not to play a major role in chronic lung inflammation. No clear differences in MMP-2 or MMP-14 (a potent MMP-2 activator) levels were found when comparing the samples from COPD or healthy horses. These results suggests that MMP-9 could serve as a potential diagnostic marker for the active ongoing tissue remodelling in the acute phase of equine COPD. Increased gelatinolytic activity could be found at both tested respiratory tract levels. Therefore, tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) samples can usefully serve as diagnostic material for detection of increased levels of the main gelatinolytic MMP, MMP-9, representing the entire diseased lung.
Publication Date: 2001-03-27 PubMed ID: 11266061DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00590.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research study analyses gelatinolytic activity in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to understand if the elevated activity found in the respiratory tract of these horses could also be present at the lower part of the tract. The study suggests that MMP-9, a type of matrix metalloproteinase, could serve as a potential diagnostic marker for COPD in horses.
Objective of the Research
- The primary objective of this research was to analyze whether the elevated gelatinolytic activity previously found at the tracheal level of horses with COPD could also be seen at the lower part of the respiratory tract.
- The study also aimed to determine the presence and significance of gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the respiratory secretions of healthy and COPD horses.
Findings of the Research
- High levels of gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinases were detected in bronchoalveolar and tracheobronchial secretions from horses with COPD.
- Of these MMPs, MMP-9 showed significant pathological elevation.
- Increased activities of MMP-9 were detected in all respiratory samples from COPD horses when compared to healthy horses, as evaluated by gelatin zymography and Western blotting techniques.
- An increase in the active form of MMP-9 was correlated with elevated levels of gelatinase-associated lipocalin.
- BALF epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes demonstrated MMP-9 immunoreactivity. The expression of MMP-9 mRNA was detected by bronchial epithelial cells, as evidenced by in situ hybridization.
- Significantly, no major role in chronic lung inflammation was found to be played by MMP-2. There were no clear differences in the levels of MMP-2 or MMP-14 (a potent activator of MMP-2) when samples from COPD horses were compared to those from healthy horses.
Implications of the Research
- MMP-9 could potentially serve as a diagnostic marker for the active ongoing tissue remodeling seen in the acute phase of equine COPD. This suggests new, meaningful avenues for detecting and potentially managing this condition in horses.
- The increased gelatinolytic activity indicative of ongoing tissue damage in COPD could be found at both tested respiratory tract levels: the bronchoalveolar and the tracheobronchial levels.
- Tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) samples were identified as valuable diagnostic materials for detecting increased levels of the main gelatinolytic MMP, MMP-9, thereby representing the entire diseased lung and providing a more comprehensive diagnostic picture.
Cite This Article
APA
Raulo SM, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Pirilä E, Maisi P.
(2001).
MMP-9 as a marker of inflammation in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) and in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of COPD horses.
Equine Vet J, 33(2), 128-136.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00590.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Blotting, Western / veterinary
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Case-Control Studies
- Female
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horse Diseases / enzymology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horses
- Immunohistochemistry / veterinary
- Inflammation / enzymology
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive / diagnosis
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive / enzymology
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive / immunology
- Lung Diseases, Obstructive / veterinary
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / metabolism
- Trachea / cytology
- Trachea / metabolism
Citations
This article has been cited 13 times.- Mainguy-Seers S, Beaudry F, Fernandez-Prada C, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. Neutrophil Extracellular Vesicles and Airway Smooth Muscle Proliferation in the Natural Model of Severe Asthma in Horses. Cells 2022 Oct 24;11(21).
- Barton AK, Shety T, Klier J, Geis S, Einspanier R, Gehlen H. Metalloproteinases and their Inhibitors under the Course of Immunostimulation by CPG-ODN and Specific Antigen Inhalation in Equine Asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2019;2019:7845623.
- Beaudet J, Tulman ER, Pflaum K, Canter JA, Silbart LK, Geary SJ. Immunologic Pathways in Protective versus Maladaptive Host Responses to Attenuated and Pathogenic Strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Infect Immun 2019 Mar;87(3).
- Beaudet J, Tulman ER, Pflaum K, Liao X, Kutish GF, Szczepanek SM, Silbart LK, Geary SJ. Transcriptional Profiling of the Chicken Tracheal Response to Virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain R(low). Infect Immun 2017 Oct;85(10).
- Barton AK, Gehlen H. Pulmonary Remodeling in Equine Asthma: What Do We Know about Mediators of Inflammation in the Horse?. Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:5693205.
- Barton AK, Shety T, Bondzio A, Einspanier R, Gehlen H. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are influenced by inhalative glucocorticoid therapy in combination with environmental dust reduction in equine recurrent airway obstruction. BMC Vet Res 2016 Dec 9;12(1):282.
- Barton AK, Shety T, Bondzio A, Einspanier R, Gehlen H. Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Comparison between Different Chronic Pneumopathies in the Horse. Mediators Inflamm 2015;2015:569512.
- Nishijima CM, Delella FK, Rodrigues CM, Rinaldo D, Lopes-Ferreira MV, da Rocha LR, Vilegas W, Felisbino SL, Hiruma-Lima CA. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Methanolic Extract and Fractions from Davilla elliptica St. Hil. (Dilleniaceae) on Bothrops jararaca Envenomation. Int J Mol Sci 2015 Jun 2;16(6):12454-66.
- Pang M, Wang H, Bai JZ, Cao D, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Liu Z, Zhang X, Hu X, Xu J, Du Y. Recombinant rat CC16 protein inhibits LPS-induced MMP-9 expression via NF-κB pathway in rat tracheal epithelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015 Oct;240(10):1266-78.
- Babykutty S, Suboj P, Srinivas P, Nair AS, Chandramohan K, Gopala S. Insidious role of nitric oxide in migration/invasion of colon cancer cells by upregulating MMP-2/9 via activation of cGMP-PKG-ERK signaling pathways. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012 Jun;29(5):471-92.
- Theegarten D, Sachse K, Mentrup B, Fey K, Hotzel H, Anhenn O. Chlamydophila spp. infection in horses with recurrent airway obstruction: similarities to human chronic obstructive disease. Respir Res 2008 Jan 29;9(1):14.
- Plataki M, Tzortzaki E, Rytila P, Demosthenes M, Koutsopoulos A, Siafakas NM. Apoptotic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006;1(2):161-71.
- Morales-Vázquez MM, Meza-Serrano E, Lara-Pereyra I, Acuña-González RJ, Alonso-Morales R, Hayen-Valles S, Boeta AM, Zarco L, Lozano-Cuenca J, López-Canales JS, Flores-Herrera H. Equine Placentitis in Mares Induces the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine eIL-1β and the Active Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Vet Sci 2023 Aug 22;10(9).
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
