Monitoring and detection of acute viral respiratory tract disease in horses.
Abstract: To develop a system to monitor and detect acute infections of the upper respiratory tract (i.e., nares, nasopharynx, and pharynx) in horses and to assess the association among specific viral infections, risk factors, and clinical signs of disease. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 151 horses with clinical signs of acute infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) from 56 premises in Colorado. Methods: Health management data, blood samples, and nasal or nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained for 151 horses with clinical signs of acute IURD. Of these horses, 112 had an additional blood sample obtained during convalescence and were considered to have complete sample sets. Samples were tested for evidence of respiratory tract infection by use of ELISA, virus isolation, and serologic testing of paired serum samples. Results: Viral infections were identified in 65 horses with complete sample sets; influenza virus infection was identified in 43 horses, equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection in 18, and mixed influenza virus and EHV infections in 4. On 14 premises, samples were obtained from more than 1 affected horse. Viral infections were identified in horses on 11 of 14 premises. Equine herpesviruses were isolated from 10 horses. A relationship was not found between vaccination history and identification of EHV or influenza virus infections. An infection with EHV was less likely to be identified in horses with initial (acute) antibody titers > 1:16 to EHV. Conclusions: Influenza virus (specifically, A/equine/2) was the most common virus associated with acute IURD. Use of multiple diagnostic tests and obtaining samples from more than 1 horse in an outbreak may improve detection of viral infections.
Publication Date: 1998-08-14 PubMed ID: 9702229
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research article discusses the development of a system to monitor and detect acute infections in the upper respiratory tract of horses, studying the link between specific viral infections, risk factors, and clinical signs of the disease.
Study Objectives and Methods
- The study aimed to establish a system to monitor and detect acute infections of the upper respiratory tract in horses effectively. Horses’ respiratory tracts include their nares, nasopharynx, and pharynx.
- The researchers conducted a prospective study on 151 horses, which exhibited clinical signs of acute infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD).
- The horses were from 56 premises in Colorado where health management data was collected, blood samples were taken and nasal or nasopharyngeal swab samples acquired.
- Of the 151 horses, 112 also had a blood sample taken during convalescence and were therefore considered to have complete sample sets.
- The samples underwent ELISA testing, virus isolation, and paired serum samples were also serologically tested to examine the evidence of respiratory tract infection.
Results and Findings of the Study
- The study found viral infections in 65 horses that had complete sample sets. Among these, 43 horses had influenza virus infection, 18 horses had equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection, and 4 horses had mixed influenza virus and EHV infections.
- On 14 premises, samples were collected from more than one affected horse. Viral infections were identified in horses on 11 of these 14 premises.
- Ten horses had equine herpesviruses isolated from them. However, there was no found relationship between a horse’s vaccination history and the identification of EHV or influenza virus infections.
- Horses with initial (acute) antibody titers greater than 1:16 to EHV were less likely to be identified with an EHV infection.
- The most common virus associated with acute IURD was specifically the Influenza virus (A/equine/2).
Conclusions of the Study
- The study concluded that using multiple diagnostic tests and obtaining samples from more than one horse during an outbreak may improve the detection of viral infections.
Cite This Article
APA
Mumford EL, Traub-Dargatz JL, Salman MD, Collins JK, Getzy DM, Carman J.
(1998).
Monitoring and detection of acute viral respiratory tract disease in horses.
J Am Vet Med Assoc, 213(3), 385-390.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Antigens, Viral / analysis
- Colorado / epidemiology
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections / diagnosis
- Herpesviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid / isolation & purification
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horses
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza A virus / isolation & purification
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / diagnosis
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Prospective Studies
- Respiratory Tract Infections / diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections / epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections / veterinary
- Vaccination / veterinary
- Varicellovirus / immunology
- Varicellovirus / isolation & purification
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Wagner V, Sabachvili M, Bendl E, Fuchs J, Kochs G. The Antiviral Activity of Equine Mx1 against Thogoto Virus Is Determined by the Molecular Structure of Its Viral Specificity Region. J Virol 2023 Feb 28;97(2):e0193822.
- Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Bain F, Barnett DC, Chappell D, Gaughan E, Craig B, Schneider C, Vaala W. Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008-2021). Pathogens 2022 Jul 2;11(7).
- Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Delwart E. Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 19;11(10).
- Sreenivasan CC, Jandhyala SS, Luo S, Hause BM, Thomas M, Knudsen DEB, Leslie-Steen P, Clement T, Reedy SE, Chambers TM, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of a Sporadic Isolate of Equine Influenza A H3N8 from an Unvaccinated Horse in 2015. Viruses 2018 Jan 11;10(1).
- Bannai H, Mae N, Ode H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Successful control of winter pyrexias caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 in Japanese training centers by achieving high vaccination coverage. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014 Aug;21(8):1070-6.
- Vairo S, Van den Broeck W, Favoreel H, Scagliarini A, Nauwynck H. Development and use of a polarized equine upper respiratory tract mucosal explant system to study the early phase of pathogenesis of a European strain of equine arteritis virus. Vet Res 2013 Mar 28;44(1):22.
- Chambers TM, Quinlivan M, Sturgill T, Cullinane A, Horohov DW, Zamarin D, Arkins S, García-Sastre A, Palese P. Influenza A viruses with truncated NS1 as modified live virus vaccines: pilot studies of safety and efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J 2009 Jan;41(1):87-92.
- Quinlivan M, Dempsey E, Ryan F, Arkins S, Cullinane A. Real-time reverse transcription PCR for detection and quantitative analysis of equine influenza virus. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Oct;43(10):5055-7.
- Quinlivan M, Zamarin D, García-Sastre A, Cullinane A, Chambers T, Palese P. Attenuation of equine influenza viruses through truncations of the NS1 protein. J Virol 2005 Jul;79(13):8431-9.
- Hultén C, Sandgren B, Skiöldebrand E, Klingeborn B, Marhaug G, Forsberg M. The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory marker in equine influenza virus infection. Acta Vet Scand 1999;40(4):323-33.
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