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Journal of the Royal Society, Interface2008; 6(35); 549-559; doi: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0328

Motions of the running horse and cheetah revisited: fundamental mechanics of the transverse and rotary gallop.

Abstract: Mammals use two distinct gallops referred to as the transverse (where landing and take-off are contralateral) and rotary (where landing and take-off are ipsilateral). These two gallops are used by a variety of mammals, but the transverse gallop is epitomized by the horse and the rotary gallop by the cheetah. In this paper, we argue that the fundamental difference between these gaits is determined by which set of limbs, fore or hind, initiates the transition of the centre of mass from a downward-forward to upward-forward trajectory that occurs between the main ballistic (non-contact) portions of the stride when the animal makes contact with the ground. The impulse-mediated directional transition is a key feature of locomotion on limbs and is one of the major sources of momentum and kinetic energy loss, and a main reason why active work must be added to maintain speed in locomotion. Our analysis shows that the equine gallop transition is initiated by a hindlimb contact and occurs in a manner in some ways analogous to the skipping of a stone on a water surface. By contrast, the cheetah gallop transition is initiated by a forelimb contact, and the mechanics appear to have much in common with the human bipedal run. Many mammals use both types of gallop, and the transition strategies that we describe form points on a continuum linked even to functionally symmetrical running gaits such as the tölt and amble.
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Publication Date: 2008-10-14 PubMed ID: 18854295PubMed Central: PMC2696142DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0328Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper delves into the unique mechanics of mammalian gallops, focusing specifically on the transverse gallop typified by the horse and the rotary gallop exemplified by the cheetah. The study illuminates the variations in these motions and their connection to the directional transition of the creature’s center of mass.

Fundamental Difference in Gaits

  • The essence of the study lies in unraveling the primary distinction between the transverse and rotary gallops. This distinction, according to the research, is determined primarily by which set of limbs, forelimbs or hindlimbs, initiates the shifting of the center of mass in a downward-forward to upward-forward trajectory. This key transition usually happens between the central ballistic portions of the stride when the creature gets in touch with the land.

Impulse-Mediated Directional Transition

  • The researchers elaborate on the impulse-mediated directional transition, which is a critical locomotion component in limbed animals. It serves as a primary momentum and kinetic energy loss source, requiring additional work to retain the speed during locomotion.

Horse Gallop Vs Cheetah Gallop

  • In the comparative study between a horse’s transverse gallop and a cheetah’s rotary gallop, the researchers found distinct differences. In a horse’s gallop, the transition is initiated by a hindlimb contact and operates in a manner somewhat comparable to a stone skipping on a water surface.
  • Contrarily, the cheetah’s gallop transition begins with a forelimb contact and operates on a mechanics basis that shares several similarities with human bipedal runs.

Application Across Mammals

  • The research highlights that many mammals use both gallops, and the transition strategies they discuss form a continuum linked to symmetric running gaits like the tölt and amble. Therefore, the findings of this study have a wider applicability to understand locomotion across different mammals.

Cite This Article

APA
Bertram JE, Gutmann A. (2008). Motions of the running horse and cheetah revisited: fundamental mechanics of the transverse and rotary gallop. J R Soc Interface, 6(35), 549-559. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0328

Publication

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
ISSN: 1742-5662
NlmUniqueID: 101217269
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 35
Pages: 549-559

Researcher Affiliations

Bertram, John E A
  • Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta, Canada T2N 4N1. jbertram@ucalgary.ca
Gutmann, Anne

    MeSH Terms

    • Acinonyx / anatomy & histology
    • Acinonyx / physiology
    • Animals
    • Biomechanical Phenomena
    • Dogs
    • Forelimb / physiology
    • Gait
    • Hares
    • Hindlimb / physiology
    • Horses / anatomy & histology
    • Horses / physiology
    • Humans
    • Models, Theoretical
    • Physical Exertion
    • Rabbits
    • Running / physiology
    • Species Specificity

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