FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Microbiol / Nationwide molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant S...
BMC microbiology2017; 17(1); 104; doi: 10.1186/s12866-016-0924-z

Nationwide molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus responsible for horse infections in France.

Abstract: The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in horse infections is not well documented, especially in France. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of MRSA isolates in horse infections from 2007 to 2013 in France and to characterize phenotypically and genotypically this collection. Out of 1393 S. aureus horse isolates, 85 (6.1%) were confirmed to be MRSA. Interestingly, the prevalence of MRSA significantly increased from 2007-2009 to 2010-2013 (0.7 vs. 9.5%, P <0.0001). Resistance to methicillin was due to the presence of the mecA gene in 84 strains (98.8%) while one strain (1.2%) possessed the mecC gene. The vast majority of the strains (83/85, 97.6%) was resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed that MRSA strains belonged mainly since not all belong to two sequence types (STs): ST398 (53/85, 62.4%) and ST8 (28/85, 32.9%). It is worth to note that all ST398 MRSA isolates were detected in the period 2010-2013. Other molecular typing methods were also used, such SCC mec analysis, spa typing and rep-PCR (Diversilab, bioMérieux). All these four techniques were in good agreement, with spa typing and rep-PCR being more discriminative than MLST and SCC mec typing. This study is the first epidemiological study in France with extensive characterization of MRSA isolates associated with horse infections in stud farms. It shows that there is a significant increase of MRSA prevalence between 2007 and 2013, which mainly results from the spread of ST398 clones. It also highlights the importance of horses as a potential reservoir of important antimicrobial resistance genes.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-05-03 PubMed ID: 28468636PubMed Central: PMC5415774DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0924-zGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in horses in France from 2007-2013. The findings exhibit a significant increase in MRSA prevalence during this period, primarily due to the spread of specific MRSA strains.

Objective and Methodology

  • The research was aimed at studying the prevalence of MRSA infections in horses in France from 2007 to 2013, and to examine these strains both phenotypically (visible characteristics) and genotypically (genetic characteristics).
  • Out of 1393 Staphylococcus aureus horse isolates were being studied, 85 were confirmed as MRSA.

Key Findings

  • The prevalence of MRSA in horse infections significantly increased from 0.7% during 2007-2009 to 9.5% during 2010-2013.
  • Resistance to methicillin in these strains was attributed to the presence of the mecA gene (98.8% of strains) and the mecC gene (1.2%).
  • Most of the MRSA strains were found to be resistant to at least three different types of antibiotics.
  • Using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), researchers found that the MRSA strains mostly belonged to two sequence types: ST398 and ST8.
  • All ST398 MRSA isolates were detected in the period 2010-2013.
  • Additional molecular typing methods like SCC analysis, spa typing, and rep-PCR agreed well with the results, with spa typing and rep-PCR providing more discriminatory results than MLST and SCC typing.

Research Implications

  • This is the first extensive study in France concerning MRSA isolates associated with horse infections. The results indicate an alarming increase of MRSA prevalence between 2007 and 2013.
  • The spread of the ST398 clones particularly led to an increase in MRSA cases.
  • This study helps to highlight the potential for horses to be a reservoir for important antimicrobial resistance genes, which could have significant implications for veterinary and human health in the future.

Cite This Article

APA
Guérin F, Fines-Guyon M, Meignen P, Delente G, Fondrinier C, Bourdon N, Cattoir V, Léon A. (2017). Nationwide molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus responsible for horse infections in France. BMC Microbiol, 17(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0924-z

Publication

BMC microbiology
ISSN: 1471-2180
NlmUniqueID: 100966981
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 104

Researcher Affiliations

Guérin, François
  • Université de Caen Normandie, EA 4655 (équipe "Antibio-résistance"), F-14032, Caen, France.
  • CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie & CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "entérocoques et résistances particulières des bactéries à Gram positif"), Av. Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France.
Fines-Guyon, Marguerite
  • CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie & CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "entérocoques et résistances particulières des bactéries à Gram positif"), Av. Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France.
Meignen, Pierrick
  • Université de Caen Normandie, IUT département STID, F-14033, Caen, France.
Delente, Géraldine
  • CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie & CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "entérocoques et résistances particulières des bactéries à Gram positif"), Av. Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France.
Fondrinier, Caroline
  • Université de Caen Normandie, EA 4655 (équipe "Antibio-résistance"), F-14032, Caen, France.
Bourdon, Nancy
  • CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie & CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "entérocoques et résistances particulières des bactéries à Gram positif"), Av. Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France.
Cattoir, Vincent
  • Université de Caen Normandie, EA 4655 (équipe "Antibio-résistance"), F-14032, Caen, France. cattoir-v@chu-caen.fr.
  • CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie & CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "entérocoques et résistances particulières des bactéries à Gram positif"), Av. Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France. cattoir-v@chu-caen.fr.
  • CHU de Rennes, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène hospitalière, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Caen, Cedex 9, France. cattoir-v@chu-caen.fr.
Léon, Albertine
  • Université de Caen Normandie, EA 4655 (équipe "Antibio-résistance"), F-14032, Caen, France.
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, F-14053, Caen, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
  • France / epidemiology
  • Genes, Bacterial / genetics
  • Genotype
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Methicillin / pharmacology
  • Methicillin Resistance / genetics
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / drug effects
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / genetics
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / isolation & purification
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / pathogenicity
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  • Molecular Epidemiology
  • Multilocus Sequence Typing / methods
  • Multilocus Sequence Typing / veterinary
  • Phenotype
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
  • Prevalence
  • Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology
  • Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology
  • Staphylococcal Infections / veterinary

References

This article includes 37 references
  1. Cefai C, Ashurst S, Owens C. Human carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus linked with pet dog. Lancet 1994;344:539–540.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91926-7pubmed: 7914628google scholar: lookup
  2. Manian FA. Asymptomatic nasal carriage of mupirocin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a pet dog associated with MRSA infection in household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:e26–e28.
    doi: 10.1086/344772pubmed: 12522764google scholar: lookup
  3. O’Mahony R, Abbott Y, Leonard FC, Markey BK, Quinn PJ, Pollock PJ, Fanning S, Rossney AS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from animals and veterinary personnel in Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2005;109:285–296.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.06.003pubmed: 16026939google scholar: lookup
  4. van Duijkeren E, Wolfhagen MJ, Box AT, Heck ME, Wannet WJ, Fluit AC. Human-to-dog transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:2235–2237.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040387pmc: PMC3323405pubmed: 15663871google scholar: lookup
  5. García-Álvarez L, Holden MT, Lindsay H, Webb CR, Brown DF, Curran MD, Walpole E, Brooks K, Pickard DJ, Teale C. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel mecA homologue in human and bovine populations in the UK and Denmark: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:595–603.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70126-8pmc: PMC3829197pubmed: 21641281google scholar: lookup
  6. Pantosti A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with animals and its relevance to human health. Front Microbiol 2012;3:127.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00127pmc: PMC3321498pubmed: 22509176google scholar: lookup
  7. Haenni M, Châtre P, Dupieux C, Métayer V, Maillard K, Bes M, Madec JY, Laurent F. mecC-positive MRSA in horses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70:3401–3402.
    pubmed: 26369356
  8. Shimizu A, Kawano J, Yamamoto C, Kakutani O, Anzai T, Kamada M. Genetic analysis of equine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Vet Med Sci 1997;59:935–937.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.59.935pubmed: 9362045google scholar: lookup
  9. Carfora V, Caprioli A, Grossi I, Pepe M, Alba P, Lorenzetti S, Amoruso R, Sorbara L, Franco A, Battisti A. A methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Sequence Type 8, spa type t11469 causing infection and colonizing horses in Italy. Pathog Dis 2016;74:ftw025.
    pubmed: 27052029
  10. Haenni M, Targant H, Forest K, Sévin C, Tapprest J, Laugier C, Madec JY. Retrospective study of necropsy-associated coagulase-positive staphylococci in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010;22:953–956.
    doi: 10.1177/104063871002200617pubmed: 21088182google scholar: lookup
  11. Grisold AJ, Zarfel G, Hoenigl M, Krziwanek K, Feierl G, Masoud L, Leitner E, Wagner-Eibel U, Badura A, Marth E. Occurrence and genotyping using automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Southeast Austria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;66:217–221.
    doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.09.006pubmed: 19828273google scholar: lookup
  12. Sieber S, Gerber V, Jandova V, Rossano A, Evison JM, Perreten V. Evolution of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in horses and colonized personnel in an equine clinic between 2005 and 2010. Microb Drug Resist 2011;17:471–478.
    doi: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0188pubmed: 21875361google scholar: lookup
  13. Cuny C, Witte W. MRSA in equine hospitals and its significance for infections in humans. Vet Microbiol 2017;200:59–64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.013pubmed: 26869097google scholar: lookup
  14. Loncaric I, Künzel F, Licka T, Simhofer H, Spergser J, Rosengarten R. Identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Austrian companion animals and horses. Vet Microbiol 2014;168:381–387.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.022pubmed: 24332703google scholar: lookup
  15. Tenover FC, Gay EA, Frye S, Eells SJ, Healy M, McGowan JE Jr. Comparison of typing results obtained for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates with the DiversiLab system and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:2452–2457.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00476-09pmc: PMC2725641pubmed: 19553588google scholar: lookup
  16. van Duijkeren E, Ten Horn L, Wagenaar JA, de Bruijn M, Laarhoven L, Verstappen K, de Weerd W, Meessen N, Duim B. Suspected horse-to-human transmission of MRSA ST398. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1137–1139.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1706.101330pmc: PMC3358200pubmed: 21749795google scholar: lookup
  17. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler JF, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:268–281.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.xpubmed: 21793988google scholar: lookup
  18. Axon JE, Carrick JB, Barton MD, Collins NM, Russell CM, Kiehne J, Coombs G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a population of horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2011;89:221–225.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00711.xpubmed: 21595643google scholar: lookup
  19. Van den Eede A, Martens A, Lipinska U. High occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in equine nasal samples. Vet Microbiol 2009;133:138–144.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.021pubmed: 18701224google scholar: lookup
  20. van Duijkeren E, Moleman M, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Multem J, Troelstra A, Fluit AC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel: an investigation of several outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 2010;141:96–102.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.009pubmed: 19740613google scholar: lookup
  21. Groves MD, Crouch B, Coombs GW, Jordan D, Pang S, Barton MD, Giffard P, Abraham S, Trott DJ. Molecular Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Australian veterinarians. PLoS One 2016;11:e0146034.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146034pmc: PMC4703204pubmed: 26735694google scholar: lookup
  22. Kuroda T, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Shinzaki Y, Tamura N, Hobo S, Kuwano A. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and infection in Thoroughbred racehorses and veterinarians in Japan. Vet Rec 2016;178:473.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.103576pubmed: 27114407google scholar: lookup
  23. Haenni M, Châtre P, Tasse J, Nowak N, Bes M, Madec JY, Laurent F. Geographical clustering of mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis in France. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:2292–2293.
    doi: 10.1093/jac/dku130pubmed: 24777902google scholar: lookup
  24. Porrero MC, Harrison EM, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Paterson GK, Díez-Guerrier A, Holmes MA, Domínguez L. Detection of mecC-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in river water: a potential role for water in the environmental dissemination. Environ Microbiol Rep 2014;6:705–708.
    doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12191pubmed: 25756123google scholar: lookup
  25. Cattoir V, Merabet L, Djibo N, Rioux C, Legrand P, Girou E, Lesprit P. Clinical impact of a real-time PCR assay for rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus and determination of methicillin resistance from positive blood cultures. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:425–431.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03233.xpubmed: 20384710google scholar: lookup
  26. Stegger M, Andersen PS, Kearns A, Pichon B, Holmes MA, Edwards G, Laurent F, Teale C, Skov R, Larsen AR. Rapid detection, differentiation and typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring either mecA or the new mecA homologue mecA(LGA251). Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:395–400.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03715.xpubmed: 22429460google scholar: lookup
  27. Le Bouter A, Leclercq R, Cattoir V. Molecular basis of resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins in Staphylococcus saprophyticus clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011;37:118–123.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.008pubmed: 21185697google scholar: lookup
  28. Udo E, Dashti A. Detection of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridization. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;13:273–279.
    doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00124-7pubmed: 10755241google scholar: lookup
  29. Leclercq R, Oberlé K, Galopin S, Cattoir V, Budzinski H, Petit F. Changes in enterococcal populations and related antibiotic resistance along a medical center-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013;79:2428–2434.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.03586-12pmc: PMC3623222pubmed: 23377946google scholar: lookup
  30. Trong HN, Prunier AL, Leclercq R. Hypermutable and fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2098–2101.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.5.2098-2101.2005pmc: PMC1087674pubmed: 15855537google scholar: lookup
  31. Oliveira DC, de Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2155–2161.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.7.2155-2161.2002pmc: PMC127318pubmed: 12069968google scholar: lookup
  32. Nhan TX, Leclercq R, Cattoir V. Prevalence of toxin genes in consecutive clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and clinical impact. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:719–725.
    doi: 10.1007/s10096-010-1143-4pubmed: 21225304google scholar: lookup
  33. Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter MO, Gauduchon V, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1128–1132.
    doi: 10.1086/313461pubmed: 10524952google scholar: lookup
  34. Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1008–1015.
    pmc: PMC86325pubmed: 10698988
  35. Strommenger B, Kettlitz C, Weniger T, Harmsen D, Friedrich AW, Witte W. Assignment of Staphylococcus isolates to groups by spa typing, SmaI macrorestriction analysis, and multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:2533–2540.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00420-06pmc: PMC1489514pubmed: 16825376google scholar: lookup
  36. Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types I to V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5026–5033.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.10.5026-5033.2005pmc: PMC1248471pubmed: 16207957google scholar: lookup
  37. Te Witt R, Kanhai V, van Leeuwen WB. Comparison of the DiversiLab system, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing for the characterization of epidemic reference MRSA strains. J Microbiol Methods 2009;77:130–133.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.01.009pubmed: 19318062google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 12 times.
  1. Fernandez JE, Egli A, Overesch G, Perreten V. Time-calibrated phylogenetic and chromosomal mobilome analyses of Staphylococcus aureus CC398 reveal geographical and host-related evolution. Nat Commun 2024 Jul 1;15(1):5526.
    doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49644-9pubmed: 38951499google scholar: lookup
  2. Sahoo P. Complementary supramolecular drug associates in perfecting the multidrug therapy against multidrug resistant bacteria. Front Immunol 2024;15:1352483.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352483pubmed: 38415251google scholar: lookup
  3. Tyrnenopoulou P, Fthenakis GC. Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Mar 28;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12040664pubmed: 37107026google scholar: lookup
  4. Nwobi OC, Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwankwo IO, Okolo CC, Nwobi CA, Ezenduka EV, Oguttu JW. Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Jan 24;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020242pubmed: 36830153google scholar: lookup
  5. Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022 May;20(5):e07312.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312pubmed: 35582361google scholar: lookup
  6. Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Dewulf J, Guardabassi L, Hilbert F, Mader R, Baldinelli F, Alvarez J. Assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Horses. EFSA J 2021 Dec;19(12):e07112.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.7112pubmed: 34987627google scholar: lookup
  7. Little SV, Hillhouse AE, Lawhon SD, Bryan LK. Analysis of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Equids Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. mSphere 2021 Aug 25;6(4):e0019620.
    doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00196-20pubmed: 34346711google scholar: lookup
  8. Sineke N, Asante J, Amoako DG, Abia ALK, Perrett K, Bester LA, Essack SY. Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Pig Production in South Africa: Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Clonality. Pathogens 2021 Mar 8;10(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030317pubmed: 33800367google scholar: lookup
  9. Léon A, Castagnet S, Maillard K, Paillot R, Giard JC. Evolution of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Equine Clinical Isolates in France between 2016 and 2019. Animals (Basel) 2020 May 7;10(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10050812pubmed: 32392891google scholar: lookup
  10. Pirolo M, Gioffrè A, Visaggio D, Gherardi M, Pavia G, Samele P, Ciambrone L, Di Natale R, Spatari G, Casalinuovo F, Visca P. Prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from swine in southern Italy. BMC Microbiol 2019 Feb 26;19(1):51.
    doi: 10.1186/s12866-019-1422-xpubmed: 30808302google scholar: lookup
  11. Garbacz K, Piechowicz L, Podkowik M, Mroczkowska A, Empel J, Bania J. Emergence and spread of worldwide Staphylococcus aureus clones among cystic fibrosis patients. Infect Drug Resist 2018;11:247-255.
    doi: 10.2147/IDR.S153427pubmed: 29503574google scholar: lookup
  12. Haenni M, Châtre P, Dupieux-Chabert C, Métayer V, Bes M, Madec JY, Laurent F. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Horses, Cats, and Dogs Over a 5-Year Period in France. Front Microbiol 2017;8:2493.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02493pubmed: 29326664google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.