FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Parasit Dis / Neospora caninum infection in Iran (2004-2020): A review.
Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology2020; 44(4); 671-686; doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01266-w

Neospora caninum infection in Iran (2004-2020): A review.

Abstract: Knowledge on neosporosis and associated risk factors in different species of animals are so important for designing the control programs and reduce the economic losses globally. This literature review targeted for evaluating the infection rate of in animals in Iran. Until April 2020, all of published documents in the main English and Persian-language databases were searched. A total number of 110 documents (English = 85 and Persian = 25) were extracted. Most of reports were sero-epidemiological studies using ELISA in Iranian cattle population. The range of infection was 3.8-76.2% in cattle, 0-54.6% in dogs, 0.9-9.9% in sheep, 6.2% in goats, 19.2-55.9% in buffaloes, 20-42.2% in horses, 52% in donkeys, 3.2-27% in camels, 14% and 19% in cats, and 0-20.4% in rodents. This rate in birds was 17.3% in chicken, 9.8% and 30.4% in pigeons, 2.8% and 3.7% in sparrows, and 9.9% in hooded crows. This is a comprehensive literature review on infection in Iran at the first time. The infection of is widespread in Iran especially in dogs and cattle population. This review can provide baseline information for future research. Study on other hosts especially on wild and exotic animals is recommended for exact estimate of neosporosis in Iran. Investigations into molecular diagnosis and genotyping of strains are also needed; this will be helpful for developing vaccines and finding the connection among wild and domestic cycles of disease. Education on the risk factors associated with infection for is suggested farmers and rural public.
© Indian Society for Parasitology 2020.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-09-10 PubMed ID: 32929312PubMed Central: PMC7481549DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01266-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study reviews literature on the infection rate of Neospora caninum, a parasite causing neosporosis, in various animal species within Iran for the period between 2004 and 2020. The aim of the review is to guide control programs while minimizing economic losses.

Review Methodology

  • The researchers conducted a thorough review of English and Persian-language publications up to April 2020.
  • A total of 110 documents were scrutinized, 85 of which were in English and 25 in Persian.
  • The majority of the documents utilized in this study were sero-epidemiological studies. These types of studies involve the identification of Neospora caninum by testing for its presences in the blood serum of various animal species.
  • Most sero-epidemiological studies employed a testing method known as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), mainly on the Iranian cattle population.

Infection Rates of Neospora Caninum

  • The review revealed varying infection rates across different animal species.
  • Cattle had an infection rate between 3.8% to 76.2%, while the infection rate in dogs ranged from 0 to 54.6%.
  • The infection rate for sheep ranged between 0.9% and 9.9%, goats recorded an infection rate of 6.2%, buffaloes had an infection rate between 19.2% and 55.9%, and for horses, it ranged from 20% to 42.2%.
  • Donkeys recorded an infection rate of 52%, camels had an infection rate between 3.2% and 27%, cats fell between 14% and 19%, and rodents ranged from 0 to 20.4%.
  • Among bird species, chickens recorded an infection rate of 17.3%, pigeons fell between 9.8% and 30.4%, sparrows recorded an infection rate between 2.8% and 3.7%, and hooded crows indicated a rate of 9.9%.

Suggestions for Future Studies

  • The review delivers invaluable baseline data that will inform future research on Neospora caninum infection in animals.
  • The study recommends the evaluation of other host species, particularly wild and exotic animals, in order to obtain a precise estimate of neosporosis within Iran.
  • Additionally, it recommends the use of molecular diagnosis and genotyping of Neospora caninum strains, which will assist with vaccine development and understanding of the connections between the wild and domestic cycles of the disease.

Public Engagement

  • The study suggests educating rural public and farmers on the risk factors linked with Neospora caninum infection as a crucial public health intervention.

Cite This Article

APA
Gharekhani J, Yakhchali M, Berahmat R. (2020). Neospora caninum infection in Iran (2004-2020): A review. J Parasit Dis, 44(4), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01266-w

Publication

Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology
ISSN: 0971-7196
NlmUniqueID: 9713059
Country: India
Language: English
Volume: 44
Issue: 4
Pages: 671-686

Researcher Affiliations

Gharekhani, Jamal
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
  • Department of Laboratory Sciences, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Iranian Veterinary Organization, Hamedan Veterinary Office, Ayatollah-Rafsanjani Street, Hamedan, 6519611156 Iran.
Yakhchali, Mohammad
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Berahmat, Reza
  • Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 138 references
  1. Abdoli A, Arbabi M, Dalimi A, Pirestani M. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Iran.. Avian Pathol 2015;44(4):319-22.
    pubmed: 25971651doi: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1050583google scholar: lookup
  2. Abdoli A, Arbabi M, Pirestani M, Mirzaghavami M, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Sadraei J. Molecular assessment of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hooded crows (Corvus cornix) in Tehran, Iran.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018 Apr;57:69-73.
    pubmed: 30017081doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.008google scholar: lookup
  3. Adhami G, Hoghooghi R, Dalimi A. The seroepidemiological investigation into Neospora caninum in cattle in Sanandaj, Kordestan Province.. J Vet Microbiol 2014;10(2):83–92.
  4. Alipour M, Shakerian A, Rahimi E. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in different types of raw milk and traditional dairy product samples.. J Food Saf 2018;38(6):el2575.
  5. Ansari-Lari M. Bovine neosporosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Prev Vet Med 2020 Mar;176:104913.
    pubmed: 32066027doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104913google scholar: lookup
  6. Ansari-Lari M, Rowshan-Ghasrodashti A, Jesmani H, Masoudian M, Badkoobeh M. Association of Neospora caninum with reproductive performance in dairy cows: A prospective study from Iran.. Vet Res Forum 2017 Spring;8(2):109-114.
    pmc: PMC5524547pubmed: 28785385
  7. Anvari D, Saberi R, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Hosseini SA, Moosazadeh M, Hosseininejad Z, Chegeni TN, Daryani A. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Infection in Dog Population Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. Acta Parasitol 2020 Jun;65(2):273-290.
    pubmed: 31919799doi: 10.2478/s11686-019-00163-4google scholar: lookup
  8. Arbabi M, Abdoli A, Dalimi A, Pirestani M. Identification of latent neosporosis in sheep in Tehran, Iran by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for the Nc-5 gene.. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2016 Aug 11;83(1):e1-7.
    pmc: PMC6238813pubmed: 27543149doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1058google scholar: lookup
  9. Asadi M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in cattle from Shahrbabak.. 2016.
  10. Asadpour R, Jafari-Joozani R, Salehi N. Detection of Neospora caninum in ovine abortion in Iran.. J Parasit Dis 2013 Apr;37(1):105-9.
    pmc: PMC3590376pubmed: 24431549doi: 10.1007/s12639-012-0141-0google scholar: lookup
  11. Atashgahi S. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle from Neishabour using ELISA.. 2015.
  12. Bahrami S, Hamidinejat H, Mayahi M, Baloutaki M. A survey of Neospora caninum infection in sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Khuzestan province, Iran.. Arch Razi Inst 2015;70(4):279–281.
  13. Bahrami S, Boroomand Z, Alborzi A, Namavari M, Mousavi SB. A molecular and serological study of Neospora caninum infection in pigeons from southwest Iran.. Vet Arhive 2016;86(6):815–823.
  14. de Barros LD, Miura AC, Minutti AF, Vidotto O, Garcia JL. Neospora caninum in birds: A review.. Parasitol Int 2018 Aug;67(4):397-402.
    pubmed: 29614327doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.03.009google scholar: lookup
  15. Benavides J, Katzer F, Maley SW, Bartley PM, Cantón G, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Purslow CA, Pang Y, Rocchi MS, Chianini F, Buxton D, Innes EA. High rate of transplacental infection and transmission of Neospora caninum following experimental challenge of cattle at day 210 of gestation.. Vet Res 2012 Dec 10;43(1):83.
    pmc: PMC3567967pubmed: 23228067doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-83google scholar: lookup
  16. Binaei M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle from Semnan.. 2016.
  17. Bjerkås I, Mohn SF, Presthus J. Unidentified cyst-forming sporozoon causing encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs.. Z Parasitenkd 1984;70(2):271-4.
    pubmed: 6426185doi: 10.1007/bf00942230google scholar: lookup
  18. Dalimi A, Sabevarinejad G, Ghafarifar F, Forouzandeh-Moghadam M. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum from naturally infected dogs in Lorestan province, West of Iran.. Arch Razi Inst 2014;69(2):185–190.
  19. De Meerschman F, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Rettignera C, Focant C, Leclipteux T, Cassart D, Losson B. Fetal infection with Neospora caninum in dairy and beef cattle in Belgium.. Theriogenology 2002 Sep;58(5):933-45.
    pubmed: 12212893doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00934-2google scholar: lookup
  20. Donahoe SL, Lindsay SA, Krockenberger M, Phalen D, Šlapeta J. A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife.. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015 Aug;4(2):216-38.
    pmc: PMC4427759pubmed: 25973393doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.002google scholar: lookup
  21. Doosti A, Khamesipour F, Nekoei S, Lutvikadic I. Survey for the presence of Neospora caninum in frozen bull’s semen samples by PCR assay.. Asia Pac J Trop Dis 2015;5(1):7–12.
  22. Duarte PO, Oshiro LM, Zimmermann NP, Csordas BG, Dourado DM, Barros JC, Andreotti R. Serological and molecular detection of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in human umbilical cord blood and placental tissue samples.. Sci Rep 2020 Jun 3;10(1):9043.
    pmc: PMC7271125pubmed: 32493968doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65991-1google scholar: lookup
  23. Dubey JP. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals.. Korean J Parasitol 2003 Mar;41(1):1-16.
    pmc: PMC2717477pubmed: 12666725doi: 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1google scholar: lookup
  24. Dubey JP, Schares G. Neosporosis in animals--the last five years.. Vet Parasitol 2011 Aug 4;180(1-2):90-108.
    pubmed: 21704458doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.031google scholar: lookup
  25. Dubey JP, Knickman E, Greene CE. Neonatal Neospora caninum infections in dogs.. Acta Parasitol 2005;50(2):176–179.
  26. Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora LM. Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007 Apr;20(2):323-67.
    pmc: PMC1865591pubmed: 17428888doi: 10.1128/cmr.00031-06google scholar: lookup
  27. Ezatpour B, Alirezaei M, Hassanvand A, Zibaei M, Azadpour M, Ebrahimzadeh F. The first report of Neospora caninum prevalence in aborted and healthy sheep from West of Iran.. Comp Clin Pathol 2013;24(1):19–22.
  28. Fakheri A. Study on Neospora caninum infection in stool of dogs from Tabriz using Coproscopy and PCR.. 2019.
  29. Fooroghi-Pardenjani M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from Shahrekord using ELISA.. 2013.
  30. Ghahvei Y. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in cattle from Kermanshah.. 2014.
  31. Gharedaghi Y. Seroepidemiology of Neospora sp., in horses in East-Azerbaijan province of Iran.. Res J Biol Sci 2011;6(5):224–226.
  32. Gharedaghi Y. Seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum in cattle in East-Azerbaijan province, North-West Iran.. J Anim Vet Adv 2012;11(5):645–648.
  33. Gharedaghi Y. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in stray dogs of Tabriz Iran.. J Anim Vet Adv 2012;11(6):723–726.
  34. Gharekhani J. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in aborted cattle in Hamedan. Iran.. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2014;1(2):32–35.
  35. Gharekhani J, Heidari H. Detection of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Iranian native cattle.. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2014;1(4):228–231.
  36. Gharekhani J, Heidari H. Serology based comprehensive study of Neospora infection in domestic animals in Hamedan province, Iran.. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2014;1(3):119–124.
  37. Gharekhani J, Tavoosidana G. Serological survey of Neospora caninum (Sarcocystidae) infection in beef cattle from western Iran.. Sci Parasitol 2013;14:95–98.
  38. Gharekhani J, Yakhchali M. Neospora caninum infection in dairy farms with history of abortion in West of Iran.. Vet Anim Sci 2019 Dec;8:100071.
    pmc: PMC7386725pubmed: 32734088doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100071google scholar: lookup
  39. Gharekhani J, Heidari H, Akbarein H. Seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum in Iranian native and crossbreed cattle: a cross sectional study.. J Vet Res 2012;67(4):325–329.
  40. Gharekhani J, Tavoosidana G, Akbarein H. Serological study of Neospora caninum infection in dogs and cattle from West of Iran.. Comp Clin Pathol 2013;23(5):1203–1207.
  41. Gharekhani J, Tavoosidana GR, Naderisefat GR. Seroprevalence of Neospora infection in horses and donkeys in Hamedan province, Western Iran.. Vet World 2013;6(9):620–622.
  42. Gharekhani J, Tavoosidana GR, Zandieh M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in sheep from western Iran.. Vet World 2013;6(10):709–710.
  43. Gharekhani J, Haddadzadeh H, Bahonar A. Prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to Neospora caninum in dairy cattle of Hamedan province, west of Iran.. Vet Res Forum 2014 Spring;5(2):149-52.
    pmc: PMC4279626pubmed: 25568710
  44. Gharekhani J, Esmaeilnejad B, Rezaei H, Yakhchali M, Heidari H, Azhari M. Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Iranian goats.. Ann Parasitol 2016;62(2):111-4.
    pubmed: 27614475doi: 10.17420/ap6202.41google scholar: lookup
  45. Gharekhani J, Yakhchali M, Abbasi-Doulatshahi E, Barati E. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in stray dogs of Hamadan suburb, West of Iran.. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect 2018;6(2):57–60.
  46. Gharekhani J, Yakhchali M, Esmaeilnejad B, Mardani K, Majidi G, Sohrabi A, Berahmat R, Hazhir Alaei M. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in Small Ruminants in Southwest of Iran.. Arch Razi Inst 2018 Dec;73(4):305-310.
    pubmed: 31077120doi: 10.22092/ari.2017.109958.1119google scholar: lookup
  47. Gharekhani J, Yakhchali M, Khaltabadi-Farahani R. Prevalence and risk factors associated to Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatidae) in pet dogs from Hamadan, West of Iran, 2016.. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;7(1):22–26.
  48. Guido S, Katzer F, Nanjiani I, Milne E, Innes EA. Serology-Based Diagnostics for the Control of Bovine Neosporosis.. Trends Parasitol 2016 Feb;32(2):131-143.
    pubmed: 26711188doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.014google scholar: lookup
  49. Habibi GR, Hashemi-Fesharki R, Sadrebazzaz A, Bozorgi S, Bordbar N. Semi-Nested PCR for diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle.. Arch Razi Inst 2005;59:55–64.
  50. Hadadi MR, Sherafati R, Delavari M, Arbabi M, Gilasi HR, Abed A. Evaluation of anti-Neospora caninum antibody presence in cow’s milk in Kashan.. Feyz 2018;22(3):333–338.
  51. Haddadzadeh HR, Sadrebazzaz A, Malmasi A, Talei Ardakani H, Khazraii Nia P, Sadreshirazi N. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from rural and urban environments in Tehran, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2007 Nov;101(6):1563-5.
    pubmed: 17687566doi: 10.1007/s00436-007-0678-5google scholar: lookup
  52. Hajikolaei MRH, Goraninejad S, Hamidinejat H, Ghorbanpour M, Paryab R. Occurrence of Neospora caninum antibodies in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the South-western region of Iran.. Bull Vet Instit Pulawy 2007;51(2):233–235.
  53. Hajikolaei MH, Hamidinejat H, Ghorbanpoor M, Goraninejad S. Serological study of Neospora caninum infection in cattle from Ahvaz area, Iran.. Int J Vet Res 2008;2(1):63–127.
  54. Hamidinejat H, Mosalanejad B, Avizeh R, Jalali R, Hosseini M, Ghorbanpour M, Namavari M. Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in Ahvaz feral cats, Iran.. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2011;4(4):217–222.
  55. Hamidinejat H, Mosalanejad B, Jalalil MR, Avizeh R, Ghorbanpour M. Prevalence of Neospora caninum in domestic cats from Ahvaz. Iran.. Parasite 2011;1(10):8–9.
  56. Hamidinejat H, Ghorbanpour M, Rasooli A, Nouri M, Hekmatimoghaddam SH, Namavari MM, Pourmehdi-Borojeni M, Sazmand AR. Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the center of Iran.. Turkey J Vet Anim Sci 2013;37:277–281.
  57. Heidari H, Mohammadzadeh A, Gharekhani J. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in slaughtered native cattle in Kurdistan province, Iran.. Vet Res Forum 2014 Winter;5(1):69-72.
    pmc: PMC4279655pubmed: 25568696
  58. Hoseini A, Merat E, Samani S, Soltan Nezhad S, Danandeh R. Comparison of Neospora caninum infected tissues in aborted fetal bovine by PCR.. J Vet Res 2018;73(3):377–382.
  59. Hosseini M, Moraveji M, Tahamtan Y, Rahimian A, Mohammadi G, Namavari M. Seroprevalence of Neospora spp. in Horses in North East of Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2011 Jun;6(2):64-8.
    pmc: PMC3279880pubmed: 22347290
  60. Hosseininejad M, Hosseini F. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs from West and Central parts of Iran using two indirect ELISA tests and assessment of associate risk factors, Iran.. J Vet Res 2011;12(1):46–51.
  61. Hosseininejad M, Pirali-Kheirabadi K, Hosseini F. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Isfahan province, Center of Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2009;4(4):61–64.
  62. Hosseininejad M, Hosseini F, Mahzounieh M, Nafchi AR, Mosharraf M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dogs in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province, Iran.. Comp Clin Pathol 2010;19(3):269–270.
  63. Hosseininejad M, Hosseini F, Mosharraf M, Shahbaz S, Mahzounieh M, Schares G. Development of an indirect ELISA test using an affinity purified surface antigen (P38) for sero-diagnosis of canine Neospora caninum infection.. Vet Parasitol 2010 Aug 4;171(3-4):337-42.
    pubmed: 20434268doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.003google scholar: lookup
  64. Hosseininejad M, Mahzounieh M, Shams Esfandabadi N. Neospora caninum Suspects as One of the Most Important Causes of Abortion in Large Dairy Farms in Isfahan, Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2017 Jul-Sep;12(3):408-412.
    pmc: PMC5623921pubmed: 28979351
  65. Hosseininejad M, Hosseini F, Auobei S. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in Ahwaz, Iran.. Vet Res Biol Prod 2018;122:97–100.
  66. Huang CC, Yang CH, Watanabe Y, Liao YK, Ooi HK. Finding of Neospora caninum in the wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus).. Vet Res 2004 May-Jun;35(3):283-90.
    pubmed: 15210077doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004010google scholar: lookup
  67. Hughes JM, Williams RH, Morley EK, Cook DA, Terry RS, Murphy RG, Smith JE, Hide G. The prevalence of Neospora caninum and co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii by PCR analysis in naturally occurring mammal populations.. Parasitology 2006 Jan;132(Pt 1):29-36.
    pubmed: 16393351doi: 10.1017/s0031182005008784google scholar: lookup
  68. Hurkova L, Halova D, Modry D. The prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in bulk milk of dairy herds in the Czech Republic: a case report.. Vet Med 2005;50(12):549–552.
  69. Javanshir A. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and dogs from Qom using ELISA.. 2015.
  70. Kamali A, Seifi HA, Movassaghi AR, Razmi GR, Naseri Z. Histopathological and molecular study of Neospora caninum infection in bovine aborted fetuses.. Asia Pac. J Trop Biomed 2014;4(12):990–994.
  71. Khani M. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in aborted fetuses and rodents of cattle farms in Arak.. 2016.
  72. Khani M, Arabkhazaeli F, Hosseini SD, Shayan P. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in aborted fetuses of cattle farms in Arak.. J Vet Res 2018;73(4):457–463.
  73. Khanmohammadi M, Fallah E. Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in shepherd dogs in Sarab district, East-Azerbaijan province, Iran.. Afr J Microbiol Res 2011;5(28):5062–5066.
  74. Khordadmehr M, Hosseini S, Mohsenifar E, Namavari M, Khordadmehr S. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in farm and household dogs determined by ELISA.. Online J Vet Res 2012;16(4):172–181.
  75. Lefkaditis M, Mpairamoglou R, Sossidou A, Spanoudis K, Tsakiroglou M. Neospora caninum, A potential cause of reproductive failure in dairy cows from Northern Greece.. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020 Jan;19:100365.
    pmc: PMC7103951pubmed: 32057391doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100365google scholar: lookup
  76. Lobato J, Silva DA, Mineo TW, Amaral JD, Segundo GR, Costa-Cruz JM, Ferreira MS, Borges AS, Mineo JR. Detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Neospora caninum in humans: high seropositivity rates in patients who are infected by human immunodeficiency virus or have neurological disorders.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 Jan;13(1):84-9.
    pmc: PMC1356624pubmed: 16426004doi: 10.1128/cvi.13.1.84-89.2006google scholar: lookup
  77. Malmasi A, Hosseininejad M, Haddadzadeh H, Badii A, Bahonar A. Serologic study of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in household dogs and dogs living in dairy and beef cattle farms in Tehran, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2007 Apr;100(5):1143-5.
    pubmed: 17120042doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0385-7google scholar: lookup
  78. McCann CM, Vyse AJ, Salmon RL, Thomas D, Williams DJ, McGarry JW, Pebody R, Trees AJ. Lack of serologic evidence of Neospora caninum in humans, England.. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Jun;14(6):978-80.
    pmc: PMC2600293pubmed: 18507920doi: 10.3201/eid1406.071128google scholar: lookup
  79. Medina-Esparza L, Macías L, Ramos-Parra M, Morales-Salinas E, Quezada T, Cruz-Vázquez C. Frequency of infection by Neospora caninum in wild rodents associated with dairy farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Jan 16;191(1-2):11-4.
    pubmed: 22989953doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.007google scholar: lookup
  80. Mikhchi A, Jafarabadi GA, Torshizi ME. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Holstein dairy cattle in Northeast of Iran.. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci 2013;3(12):453–456.
  81. Moraveji M, Hosseini MH, Amrabadi O, Rahimian A, Namazi F, Namavari M. Seroprevalence of Neospora spp. in horses in South of Iran.. Trop Biomed 2011 Dec;28(3):514-7.
    pubmed: 22433879
  82. Morovati H, Noaman V. Seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle farms with a history of abortion in Isfahan province, Iran.. J Vet Sci Anim Husb 2016;4(3):304.
  83. Mosallanejad B, Bahrami S, Hamidinejat H, Ghanavati S. A Serological Survey of Neospora caninum Infection in Urban and Rural Dogs in Ahvaz District, Southwest of Iran.. Arch Razi Inst 2018 Sep;73(3):215-221.
    pubmed: 30280841doi: 10.22092/ari.2017.107498.1069google scholar: lookup
  84. Mosallanejad B, Razi Jalali MH, Hamidinejat H, Peighambari E. A serological survey on Neospora caninum infection in wild rats (Rattus rattus) in Ahvaz district, Iran.. J Zoonos Dis 2018;3(1):1–9.
  85. Motamedi A, Keihani P, Momtaz H. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum in infected dogs of Isfahan, Iran.. J Zoonotic Dis 2020;4(1):35–42.
  86. Motamedipour S. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from Sirjan.. 2016.
  87. Namavari M, Tavanaei H, Abasifar A, Manavian M, Nikoo D. High seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the South of Iran.. Appl Anim Sci Res J 2017;24:57–62.
  88. Nayebzadeh H, Norollahi-Fard SR, Khalili M, Zakian N, Taati M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in west of Iran.. Istanb Vet J 2015;41(2):162–166.
  89. Nazari N, Shojaee S, Mohebali M, Teimouri A, Ghadiri K, Raeghi S, Shiee MR, Azarakhsh Y, Bozorgomid A. Toxoplasma gondii And Neospora caninum In Brain Tissue Of Rodents In North-West Iran.. Vet Med (Auckl) 2019;10:223-227.
    pmc: PMC6929938pubmed: 31908996doi: 10.2147/vmrr.s224664google scholar: lookup
  90. Nazari N, Shojaee S, Salimi M, Mohebali M, Ahmadifard N, Hamzavi Y, Zarei Z, Farahmand-Rad R, Bozorgomid A, Heydarian P. Serological Survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Co-Infection in Rodents in Northwestern Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2020 Apr-Jun;15(2):253-258.
    pmc: PMC7311819pubmed: 32595716
  91. Nematollahi A, Jaafari R, Moghaddam G. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Infection in Dairy Cattle in Tabriz, Northwest Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2011 Dec;6(4):95-8.
    pmc: PMC3279911pubmed: 22347319
  92. Nematollahi A, Jafari Jozani R, Zaboli N. Adaptation of Dot-Elisa for serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infestation in aborted cows.. Global Vet 2011;7(2):149–152.
  93. Nematollahi A, Moghaddam GH, Jaafari R, Helan JA, Norouzi M. Study on outbreak of Neospora caninum-associated abortion in dairy cows in Tabriz (Northwest Iran) by serological, molecular and histopathologic methods.. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2013 Dec;6(12):942-6.
    pubmed: 24144024doi: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60168-6google scholar: lookup
  94. Nicolino RR, de Oliveira CSF, Lopes LB, Rodrigues RO, Haddad JPA. Prevalence and risk factors associated with anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy herds in the central region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil.. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2017 Dec;10:71-74.
    pubmed: 31014603doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.008google scholar: lookup
  95. Noaman V, Nabinejad AR. Seroprevalence and risk factors assessment of the three main infectious agents associated with abortion in dairy cattle in Isfahan province, Iran.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020 Jul;52(4):2001-2009.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02207-8pubmed: 31983025google scholar: lookup
  96. Noori M, Rasekh M, Ganjali M, Nourollahi Fard SR. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Cattle of Sistan Areas, Southeastern Iran in 2016.. Iran J Parasitol 2019 Apr-Jun;14(2):340-346.
    pmc: PMC6737369pubmed: 31543924
  97. Norollahifard SR, Khalili M, Fazli O, Sharifi H, Radfar MH. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle of Neishabour, Northeast Iran.. Slovenian Vet Res 2017;54(1):5–9.
  98. Nourollahifard SR, Khalili M, Aminzadeh A. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in cattle in Kerman province, South East Iran.. Vet Arhive 2008;78(3):253–259.
  99. Oshiro LM, Motta-Castro AR, Freitas SZ, Cunha RC, Dittrich RL, Meirelles AC, Andreotti R. Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii serodiagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus carriers.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015 Sep-Oct;48(5):568-72.
    pubmed: 26516966doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0151-2015google scholar: lookup
  100. Petersen E, Lebech M, Jensen L, Lind P, Rask M, Bagger P, Björkman C, Uggla A. Neospora caninum infection and repeated abortions in humans.. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Mar-Apr;5(2):278-80.
    pmc: PMC2640685pubmed: 10221883doi: 10.3201/eid0502.990215google scholar: lookup
  101. Pouramini A, Jamshidi S, Shayan P, Ebrahimzadeh E, Namavari M, Shirian S. Molecular and serological detection of Neospora caninum in multiple tissues and CSF in asymptomatic infected stray dogs.. Iran J Vet Med 2017;11(2):105–112.
  102. Pourmahdi-Borujeni M, Hamidinejat H, Ghorbanpour M, Asefi H. Comparison of serological methods for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J Vet Microbiol 2015;11(1):19–26.
  103. Raeisi A. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province using IFA.. 2010.
  104. Rafati N, Jaafarian M. The determination of prevalence of in aborted fetuses in dairy cattle of Shahrekord area, Chaharmahal-va Bakhtiari province, by Nested-PCR.. J Vet Lab Res 2014;6(1):45–50.
  105. Ranjbarbahadori S, Motevaselian A, Bokaie S, Yousefi M. Serological study of Neospora caninum in aborted dairy cattle in Garmsar, Iran.. Comp Biopathol 2010;2:249–254.
  106. Razmi G. Fecal and molecular survey of Neospora caninum in farm and household dogs in Mashhad area, Khorasan province, Iran.. Korean J Parasitol 2009 Dec;47(4):417-20.
    pmc: PMC2788725pubmed: 19967094doi: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.417google scholar: lookup
  107. Razmi G, Barati M. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Bulk Milk of Dairy Cattle, Mashhad, Iran.. Arch Razi Inst 2017 Dec;72(4):265-269.
    pubmed: 30315704doi: 10.22092/ari.2017.113304google scholar: lookup
  108. Razmi G, Naseri Z. Molecular detection of Neospora caninum infection in ovine aborted foetuses in the Mashhad area, Iran.. Ann Parasitol 2017;63(1):45-47.
    pubmed: 28601062doi: 10.17420/ap6301.84google scholar: lookup
  109. Razmi GR, Mohammadi GR, Garrosi T, Farzaneh N, Fallah AH, Maleki M. Seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle herds in Mashhad area, Iran.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Jan 30;135(2):187-9.
    pubmed: 16289861doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.09.004google scholar: lookup
  110. Razmi GR, Maleki M, Farzaneh N, Talebkhan Garoussi M, Fallah AH. First report of Neospora caninum-associated bovine abortion in Mashhad area, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2007 Mar;100(4):755-7.
    pubmed: 17024355doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0325-6google scholar: lookup
  111. Razmi GR, Zarea H, Naseri Z. A survey of Neospora caninum-associated bovine abortion in large dairy farms of Mashhad, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2010 May;106(6):1419-23.
    pubmed: 20352453doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-1820-3google scholar: lookup
  112. Razmi GR, Zarae H, Norbakhsh MF, Naseri Z. Estimating the rate of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum to aborted fetuses in seropositive dams in Mashhad area, Iran.. Iran J Vet Med 2013;7(4):253–256.
  113. Reichel MP, Alejandra Ayanegui-Alcérreca M, Gondim LF, Ellis JT. What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle - the billion dollar question.. Int J Parasitol 2013 Feb;43(2):133-42.
    pubmed: 23246675doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.022google scholar: lookup
  114. Reichel MP, McAllister MM, Nasir A, Moore DP. A review of Neospora caninum in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).. Vet Parasitol 2015 Sep 15;212(3-4):75-9.
    pubmed: 26298507doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.008google scholar: lookup
  115. Rezvan H, Khaki A, Namavari M, Abedizadeh R. An investigation of the concurrency of anti-Neospora antibody and parasitemia in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in northwest of Iran.. Vet Res Forum 2019 Winter;10(1):79-84.
    pmc: PMC6522196pubmed: 31183020doi: 10.30466/vrf.2019.34314google scholar: lookup
  116. Ribeiro CM, Soares IR, Mendes RG, de Santis Bastos PA, Katagiri S, Zavilenski RB, de Abreu HFP, Afreixo V. Meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine neosporosis.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019 Sep;51(7):1783-1800.
    pubmed: 31228088doi: 10.1007/s11250-019-01929-8google scholar: lookup
  117. Sadrebazzaz A, Haddadzadeh H, Esmailnia K, Habibi G, Vojgani M, Hashemifesharaki R. Serological prevalence of Neospora caninum in healthy and aborted dairy cattle in Mashhad, Iran.. Vet Parasitol 2004 Oct 5;124(3-4):201-4.
    pubmed: 15381300doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.027google scholar: lookup
  118. Sadrebazzaz A, Haddadzadeh H, Shayan P. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Mashhad, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2006 May;98(6):600-1.
    pubmed: 16425066doi: 10.1007/s00436-005-0118-3google scholar: lookup
  119. Sadrebazzaz A, Habibi G, Haddadzadeh H, Ashrafi J. Evaluation of bovine abortion associated with Neospora caninum by different diagnostic techniques in Mashhad, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2007 May;100(6):1257-60.
    pubmed: 17206503doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0417-3google scholar: lookup
  120. Salehi N, Haddadzadeh HR, Shayan P, Vojgani M, Bolorchi M. Serological study of Neospora caninum in pregnant dairy cattle in Tehran, Iran.. Int J Vet Res 2010;4(2):113–116.
  121. Santos T, Simões R, Mateus T, Lopes A. Updates on Neospora caninum – economic impact.. Exp Pathol Heal Sci 2016;8(1):49–50.
  122. Sasani F, Javanbakht J, Seifori P, Fathi S, Hassan MA. Neospora caninum as causative agent of ovine encephalitis in Iran.. Pathol Discovery 2013;1(1):1–5.
  123. Sattari A, Moshiri F, Musavi S. The seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cattle herds in Golestan province, Iran.. J Vet Microbiol 2011;7(1):60–64.
  124. Sayari M, Namavari M, Mojaver S. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in free ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus).. J Parasit Dis 2016 Sep;40(3):845-7.
    pmc: PMC4996203pubmed: 27605795doi: 10.1007/s12639-014-0590-8google scholar: lookup
  125. Schares G, Bärwald A, Staubach C, Ziller M, Klöss D, Schröder R, Labohm R, Dräger K, Fasen W, Hess RG, Conraths FJ. Potential risk factors for bovine Neospora caninum infection in Germany are not under the control of the farmers.. Parasitology 2004 Sep;129(Pt 3):301-9.
    pubmed: 15471005doi: 10.1017/s0031182004005700google scholar: lookup
  126. Shahi M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in ewes from Golpayegan using ELISA.. 2016.
  127. Shahidi M. Study on abortions associated to Neospora caninum and congenital transmission in industrial dairy cattle from Torbat Heydariyeh.. 2016.
  128. Shakerian A, Sherafati R, Rafati N, Sharifzadeh A. Detection of Neospora caninum in raw milk of cattle in Shahrekord Using PCR.. J Trop Infect Dis 2015;70:9–14.
  129. Sharifdini M, Mohebali M, Keshavarz H, Hosseininejad M, Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B, Foroushani AR, Zarei Z, Charehdar S. Neospora caninum and Leishmania infantum Co-Infection in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) in Meshkin-Shahr District, Northwestern Iran.. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis 2011;5(2):60-8.
    pmc: PMC3385575pubmed: 22808419
  130. Sharifzadeh A, Doosti A, Dehkordi PG. PCR assay for detection of Neospora caninum in fresh and frozen semen specimens of Iranian bulls.. World App Sci J 2012;17:742–749.
  131. Taheri Lak K, Sadraeii J, Dalimi A. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in milk samples from dairy farms in the Shahriyar.. Vet J (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 2017;115:142–146.
  132. Tavalla M, Sabaghan M, Abdizadeh R, Khademvatan S, Rafiei A, Razavi Piranshahi A. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. Infections in Arab Horses, Southwest of Iran.. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015 Mar;8(3):e14939.
    pmc: PMC4377174pubmed: 25834714doi: 10.5812/jjm.14939google scholar: lookup
  133. Tavanaee HR, Namavari M. Evaluation of attenuated variety of Neospora caninum for diagnosis of infection in cattle by agglutination test.. Vet J (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 2017;115:153–157.
  134. Vajdi HR, Khanmohammadi M, Moniri SM. Seroprevalance of Neospora caninum in Miyaneh sheep (Azarbayejan-e-Sharghi province) by competitive ELISA and IFA methods.. J Clin Large Anim 2014;7(1):59–66.
  135. Yakhchali M, Javadi S, Morshedi A. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in stray dogs of Urmia, Iran.. Parasitol Res 2010 May;106(6):1455-8.
    pubmed: 20379836doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-1824-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  136. Yakhchali M, Bahrami M, Asri-Rezaei S, Bokaie S. The enzymes and electrolytes profiles in sera of Iranian stray dogs naturally infected with Neospora caninum.. Ann Parasitol 2017;63(1):63-68.
    pubmed: 28741339doi: 10.17420/ap6301.87google scholar: lookup
  137. Youssefi MR, Arabkhazaeli F, Tabar Molla H. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in rural and industrial cattle in Northern Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2009;4(1):15–18.
  138. Youssefi MR, Ebrahimpour S, Esfandiari B. Survey of Neospora caninum antibody in aborting cattle from three climate regions of Iran.. World App Sci J 2010;10:1448–1451.

Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
  1. Hamed MI, Abushahba MFN, Gareh A, Abdelbaset AE. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in dogs, cows, and humans in Assiut province, Egypt: a pilot study.. J Parasit Dis 2023 Sep;47(3):677-682.
    doi: 10.1007/s12639-023-01612-8pubmed: 37520188google scholar: lookup
  2. Samkange A, Chitanga S, Tjipura-Zaire GN, Mutjavikua VG, Smith JW, Neves L, Matjila T. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine neosporosis in the Khomas region of Namibia.. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2023 Apr 5;90(1):e1-e8.
    doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2077pubmed: 37042558google scholar: lookup
  3. Shams F, Jokar M, Abdous A, Farhoodi Moghadam M, Arfaee F. Serological Survey and Risk Factors of Neospora caninum Infection in Dog Population of Qom, Central Iran.. Iran J Parasitol 2022 Jul-Sep;17(3):440-442.
    doi: 10.18502/ijpa.v17i3.10639pubmed: 36466022google scholar: lookup
  4. Uchańska O, Ochota M, Eberhardt M, Niżański W. Dead or Alive? A Review of Perinatal Factors That Determine Canine Neonatal Viability.. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 30;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12111402pubmed: 35681866google scholar: lookup
  5. Darijani A, Arefkhah N, Shahriarirad S, Zoghi S, Namavari M, Moshfe A, Zaraei M, Sarkari B. Neospora caninum Infection in Cattle in the Province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Southwest of Iran: Seroprevalence and Molecular Assessment.. J Parasitol Res 2021;2021:4258513.
    doi: 10.1155/2021/4258513pubmed: 34976404google scholar: lookup
  6. Ebani VV, Nardoni S, Maestrini M, Perrucci S, Mancianti F. Serological Survey on the Occurrence of Rickettsia spp., Neospora caninum, Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii in Cats from Tuscany (Central Italy).. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 21;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061842pubmed: 34205734google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.