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Frontiers in veterinary science2024; 11; 1459989; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1459989

New insights in the diagnosis and treatment of equine piroplasmosis: pitfalls, idiosyncrasies, and myths.

Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a global tick-borne disease of equids caused by the intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites and , and the more recently discovered . These parasites can be transmitted by several tick species, including , , and , but iatrogenic and vertical transmission are also common. Clinical signs of EP include poor performance, fever, icterus, abortions, among others, and peracute or acute forms of infection are associated with high mortality in non-endemic areas. EP is a reportable disease and represents an important barrier for the international trade of horses and other equids, causing disruption of international equine sports. Tick control measures, serological and molecular diagnostic methods, and parasiticidal drugs are currently used against EP, while vaccines remain unavailable. Since most acaricides used in equids are non-environmentally friendly and linked to drug resistances, this is considered as an unsustainable approach. Imidocarb dipropionate (ID) and buparvaquone (BPQ) are currently the main drugs used to control the disease. However, while ID has several side and toxic effects and recurrent failures of treatment have been reported, BPQ is less effective in the clearance of infection and not available in some countries. Thus, novel alternative and effective therapeutics are needed. While current trade regulations require testing equids for EP before exportation, the lack of standardized PCR tests and limitations of the currently recommended serological assays entail a risk of inaccurate diagnosis. Hereby, we propose a combination of standardized PCR-based techniques and improved serological tests to diminish the risks of exporting EP-infected animals making equid international trade safer. In addition, this review discusses, based on scientific evidence, several idiosyncrasies, pitfalls and myths associated with EP, and identifies weaknesses of current methods of control and gaps of research, as initial steps toward developing novel strategies leading to control this disease.
Copyright © 2024 Mendoza, Pérez-Écija, Kappmeyer, Suarez and Bastos.
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Publication Date: 2024-08-14 PubMed ID: 39205808PubMed Central: PMC11349644DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1459989Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research looks at equine piroplasmosis, a global disease affecting horses and similar species, which poses barriers to international trade of these animals. The researchers discuss diagnostic methods, current treatments and control methods, including the inadequacies of these approaches.

Understanding Equine Piroplasmosis

  • The disease, equine piroplasmosis (EP), affects equids (a family of animals which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras). It’s caused by parasites and can be passed on by multiple tick species. However, aside from tick transmission, the disease can also be spread iatrogenically (through medical procedures) and from mother to offspring (vertical transmission).
  • EP results in multiple clinical signs such as poor performance, fever, jaundice, and miscarriages. Particularly severe or sudden forms of the infection have a high death rate in areas where the disease isn’t commonly found.
  • Because of its severity and wide-spread nature, EP is a reportable disease and it has significant effects on international trade of equids. Essentially, EP disrupts equine sports globally.

Current Measures Against Equine Piroplasmosis and Their Limitations

  • Tick control measures, serological and molecular diagnostic methods, and drugs against parasites are all used to combat EP. However, no vaccines are currently available.
  • Acaricides, intended for tick control in equids, are often harmful to the environment and have been linked to the development of drug resistances, making them an unsustainable solution.
  • Imidocarb dipropionate (ID) and buparvaquone (BPQ) are the main drugs used to treat the disease currently. Yet, these are fraught with their own problems. ID has numerous side effects and treatment failures have been reported recurrently. BPQ, on the other hand, isn’t very effective against one of the parasites causing EP and isn’t available in all countries. This pushes the need for the development of alternative and effective treatments.

Limitations in Diagnostics and Suggestions for Improvement

  • Current regulations necessitate the testing of equids for EP before they can be exported. But, the lack of standardization in PCR tests and limitations of serological assays that are recommended now risk inaccurate diagnoses. Therefore, the authors suggest the use of standardized PCR techniques and improved serological tests to decrease the risk of exporting infected animals and to enhance the safety of international trade.
  • The researchers provide a review of several particular characteristics, pitfalls and misconceptions associated with EP, also bringing attention to the shortcomings of existing control methods and the gaps in the research field.
  • Through this identification of limitations and gaps, the authors aim to pave the way for the development of novel strategies to control this disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Mendoza FJ, Pérez-Écija A, Kappmeyer LS, Suarez CE, Bastos RG. (2024). New insights in the diagnosis and treatment of equine piroplasmosis: pitfalls, idiosyncrasies, and myths. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1459989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1459989

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 1459989
PII: 1459989

Researcher Affiliations

Mendoza, Francisco J
  • Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
Pérez-Écija, Alejandro
  • Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Pullman, WA, United States.
Suarez, Carlos E
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Pullman, WA, United States.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Bastos, Reginaldo G
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Pullman, WA, United States.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

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