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Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere2025; 53(3); 155-168; doi: 10.1055/a-2585-3269

[Off-label use of antibiotics in equine medicine – an online survey in Germany].

Abstract: Since 28.01.2022, veterinary medicinal products must be used in accordance with the conditions of authorization (Regulation (EU) 2019/6, Article 106). This entails further restrictions on therapeutic freedom, e. g., with regard to dose deviations. To date, there is no data available in equine medicine on the scope of off-label use as any use deviating from the expert information for antibiotics, on the basis of which the feasibility of implementing the new regulations in Germany can be assessed.To collect data on the off-label use of antibiotics, a Germany-wide anonymous online survey was therefore conducted as a quantitative cross-sectional study, which included up to 105 questions. The survey was preceded by expert interviews and pilot surveys.A total of 111 equine veterinarians answered the survey in full. 88.3% (98/111) stated that they had used antibiotics off-label. Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, doxycycline and metronidazole were frequently repurposed. Approved drugs for horse such as gentamicin, potentiated sulfonamides, benzylpenicillin-procaine and oxytetracycline were also used off-label, often with regard to indication, dose interval and treatment duration. Antibiotics were usually used in higher doses, rarely prophylactically or for non-antibacterial purposes. Popular combinations were gentamicin with benzylpenicillin or with amoxicillin. Human medical antibiotics were rarely used.As this survey confirms, there is a frequent need for repurposing of antibiotics according to animal species and indication in equine medicine, which should be taken into account in future further regulations and the revision of the positive list. In many cases, special conditions in the infection process justify the off-label use of approved preparations for horses. This survey indicates that some dose revisions are to be recommended for antibiotics that have been used for decades and are approved as medicinal products for horses. As there are few financial incentives for pharmaceutical companies to do so, the creation of therapy guidelines for certain indications in horses could alternatively contribute to greater certainty in equine practice with regard to the justification of off-label use. Seit dem 28.01.2022 sind Tierarzneimittel gemäß Zulassungsbedingungen anzuwenden (VO (EU) 2019/6, Art. 106). Dies bringt weitere Einschränkungen in der Therapiefreiheit z. B. zu Dosisabweichungen mit sich, weil jede abweichende Anwendung von der Fachinformation ein Off-Label-Use darstellt. Zum Umfang des Off-Label-Uses von Antibiotika liegen bisher keine Daten in der Pferdemedizin vor, auf deren Basis die Umsetzbarkeit der neuen Reglementierungen in Deutschland eingeschätzt werden kann.Zur Erhebung der Daten zum Off-Label-Use von Antibiotika wurde daher eine deutschlandweite anonyme Online-Befragung als quantitative Querschnittsstudie durchgeführt, die bis zu 105 Fragen einschloss. Der Umfrage gingen Experteninterviews und Pilot-Umfragen voran.Insgesamt haben 111 Pferdetierärzte die Umfrage vollständig beantwortet. 88,3% (98/111) gaben an, Antibiotika off-label verwendet zu haben. Häufig umgewidmet wurden Enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Breitspektrum-Cephalosporine, Doxycyclin und Metronidazol. Auch zugelassene Pferdearzneimittel mit Wirkstoffen wie Gentamicin, potenzierten Sulfonamiden, Benzylpenicillin-Procain und Oxytetrazyclin wurden off-label verwendet, oft hinsichtlich Indikation, Dosisintervall und Behandlungsdauer. Antibiotika wurden meist höher dosiert, selten prophylaktisch oder für nicht antibakterielle Zwecke genutzt. Beliebte Kombinationen waren Gentamicin mit Benzylpenicillin oder mit Amoxicillin. Humanmedizinische Antibiotika wurden selten eingesetzt.Wie diese Umfrage bestätigt, werden Antibiotika häufig nach Tierart und Indikation in der Pferdemedizin umgewidmet, was in zukünftigen weiteren Reglementierungen und der Überarbeitung der Positivliste berücksichtigt werden sollte. Besondere Bedingungen im Infektionsgeschehen rechtfertigen in vielen Fällen den Off-Label-Use auch von zugelassenen Präparaten für Pferde. Diese Umfrage gibt Hinweise darauf, dass manche Dosisrevisionen für jahrzehntelang eingesetzte Antibiotika, die als Arzneimittel für Pferde zugelassen sind, zu empfehlen sind. Da hierfür wenig finanzielle Anreize für pharmazeutische Unternehmen bestehen, könnte alternativ die Erstellung von Therapieleitfäden für bestimmte Indikationen bei Pferden zu mehr Sicherheit in der Pferdepraxis bezüglich der Begründungen eines Off-Label-Use beitragen.
Publication Date: 2025-06-13 PubMed ID: 40513599DOI: 10.1055/a-2585-3269Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research explores off-label use of antibiotics in equine (horse) treatment in Germany. A survey found a significant indications of such usage, highlighting a need for updated regulations and guidelines.

Introduction and Methodology

  • The study comes in response to recent regulations which require strict adherence to prescribed conditions for veterinary medicinal usage. These rules further restrict therapeutic discretion, particularly concerning dosage adjustments.
  • The researchers used an anonymous online survey to gather data from across Germany. This survey, which constitutes quantitative cross-sectional research, includes as many as 105 questions. Expert interviews and pilot studies preceded the survey. A total of 111 equine vets completely filled out the survey.

Results

  • An overwhelming 88.3% (98 out of 111) vets confirmed using antibiotics off-label, i.e., against the recommendations of the expert information.
  • Antibiotics such as Enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, doxycycline, and metronidazole were commonly used outside their defined purposes. Additionally, medications approved for horses—like gentamicin, potentiated sulfonamides, benzylpenicillin-procaine, and oxytetracycline—were often used off-label in terms of indication, dose interval, and duration of treatment.
  • Usually, antibiotics were used in higher dosages, seldom prophylactically, and rarely for non-antibacterial reasons. Most commonly, gentamicin was combined either with benzylpenicillin or amoxicillin. Use of human medical antibiotics in the horses was a rare occurrence.

Implications and Recommendations

  • It was found that antibiotics frequently need to be used outside of their intended purpose in equine medicine, based on the species of the animal and the specific medical indication.
  • This led the study to recommend that the necessity for off-label use be considered in any future regulatory amendments and revisions to the positive list, a list of medications that are deemed not harmful.
  • Despite regulations, some circumstances in the infection process legitimize off-label use of authorized preparations for horses. This suggests that dose revisions might be recommended for antibiotics which were long-used and approved for horses.
  • Given that there are little financial incentives for pharmaceutical companies to revise dosages, establishing treatment guidelines for specific indications in horses could provide more certainty regarding the justification of off-label use.

Cite This Article

APA
Tarillion M, Hertzsch R, Richter A. (2025). [Off-label use of antibiotics in equine medicine – an online survey in Germany]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere, 53(3), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2585-3269

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger
Volume: 53
Issue: 3
Pages: 155-168

Researcher Affiliations

Tarillion, Marie
  • Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
Hertzsch, Robert
  • Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
  • Tierarzt Plus GmbH, Berlin.
Richter, Angelika
  • Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Germany
  • Off-Label Use / statistics & numerical data
  • Off-Label Use / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Surveys and Questionnaires
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Veterinarians / statistics & numerical data

Conflict of Interest Statement

Hiermit bestätigen wir, dass im Rahmen der Erstellung und Veröffentlichung des Artikels kein Interessenkonflikt bestand.

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