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Veterinary ophthalmology2025; 29(1); e70044; doi: 10.1111/vop.70044

Pantoea agglomerans in Equine Ulcerative Keratitis: Prevalence and Comparative Efficacy of Four Topical Antiseptics.

Abstract: To determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and effective contact time of four topical antiseptics-polyhexanide, povidone-iodine (PVP-I), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-against Pantoea agglomerans, a pathogen frequently isolated in equine ulcerative keratitis. Methods: Over a 17-month sampling period, clinical isolates were collected from horses with ulcerative keratitis. The most frequently isolated strain (Pantoea agglomerans, n = 14) was selected for in vitro analysis. Methods: All isolates were used to determine the MBCs of the four antiseptics. Each was tested in triplicate at serial dilutions per isolate. Additionally, the requisite contact time for a bactericidal effect was evaluated at a supratherapeutic dilution for each substance with each isolate at defined time points ranging from 15 s to 5 min. Results: The MBCs of polyhexanide, PVP-I, HOCL, and NAC were 3.2 ppm (0.00032%), 16 ppm (0.0016%), 0.8 ppm (0.00008%), and 3200 ppm (0.32%), respectively. Polyhexanide (6.4 ppm), PVP-I (64 ppm), and HOCL (6.4 ppm) were effective within 15 s. NAC (6400 ppm) required 1-2 min to achieve bactericidal effects. Conclusions: All antiseptics tested demonstrated efficacy against P. agglomerans. Polyhexanide, PVP-I, and HOCl achieved rapid bactericidal activity, while NAC required higher concentrations and longer exposure. These results support the use of these agents-particularly the faster-acting three-as potential alternatives to antibiotics in treating equine ulcerative keratitis. They may aid the reduction of antibiotic use in line with the One Health approach.
© 2025 The Author(s). Veterinary Ophthalmology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.
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Publication Date: 2025-06-25 PubMed ID: 40557447PubMed Central: PMC12765222DOI: 10.1111/vop.70044Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Comparative Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated how effective four topical antiseptics are against the bacteria Pantoea agglomerans, which commonly causes ulcerative keratitis (an eye infection) in horses.
  • Researchers measured the minimum concentration needed to kill the bacteria and the time required for the antiseptics to act.

Background

  • Pantoea agglomerans is frequently isolated from horses suffering from ulcerative keratitis, a painful eye condition that can threaten vision.
  • Traditionally, antibiotics are used for treatment, but increasing antibiotic resistance calls for alternative therapies.
  • Topical antiseptics such as polyhexanide, povidone-iodine (PVP-I), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have potential as antibiotic alternatives.
  • The “One Health” approach emphasizes reducing antibiotic use to prevent resistance development and protect human and animal health.

Objectives

  • Determine the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of four antiseptics needed to kill Pantoea agglomerans isolated from equine keratitis cases.
  • Assess the required contact time for each antiseptic at specific dilutions to achieve a bactericidal effect.

Methods

  • Clinical isolates of bacteria were collected from horses with ulcerative keratitis over 17 months.
  • The most commonly isolated strain (Pantoea agglomerans, 14 samples) was selected for detailed analysis.
  • Each of the four antiseptics (polyhexanide, PVP-I, HOCl, NAC) was tested in triplicate at serially diluted concentrations against each bacterial isolate.
  • The MBC for each antiseptic was established by finding the lowest concentration that killed the bacterium.
  • At a supratherapeutic (higher than usual) dilution, the time needed to kill bacteria was tested at intervals between 15 seconds and 5 minutes.

Results

  • Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC):
    • Polyhexanide: 3.2 ppm (0.00032%)
    • Povidone-iodine (PVP-I): 16 ppm (0.0016%)
    • Hypochlorous acid (HOCl): 0.8 ppm (0.00008%)
    • N-acetylcysteine (NAC): 3200 ppm (0.32%)
  • Effective Contact Times at Higher Concentrations:
    • Polyhexanide at 6.4 ppm: effective within 15 seconds
    • PVP-I at 64 ppm: effective within 15 seconds
    • HOCl at 6.4 ppm: effective within 15 seconds
    • NAC at 6400 ppm: required 1-2 minutes to achieve bactericidal effect

Conclusions

  • All four antiseptics demonstrated bactericidal activity against Pantoea agglomerans isolated from equine ulcerative keratitis cases.
  • Polyhexanide, PVP-I, and HOCl acted rapidly and at relatively low concentrations, making them effective for quick treatment.
  • NAC required higher concentrations and longer exposure times to achieve the same effect.
  • The study supports using these antiseptic agents—especially the faster acting ones—as alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotics for treating equine ulcerative keratitis.
  • Using effective topical antiseptics may help reduce reliance on antibiotics, aligning with the One Health goal of minimizing antimicrobial resistance development.

Cite This Article

APA
Heun F, Meißner J, Schieder AK, Ohnesorge B, Busse C. (2025). Pantoea agglomerans in Equine Ulcerative Keratitis: Prevalence and Comparative Efficacy of Four Topical Antiseptics. Vet Ophthalmol, 29(1), e70044. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.70044

Publication

Veterinary ophthalmology
ISSN: 1463-5224
NlmUniqueID: 100887377
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 29
Issue: 1
Pages: e70044
PII: e70044

Researcher Affiliations

Heun, Frederik
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Meißner, Jessica
  • Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Schieder, Ann-Kathrin
  • LABOKLIN GmbH & co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany.
Ohnesorge, Bernhard
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Busse, Claudia
  • Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Corneal Ulcer / veterinary
  • Corneal Ulcer / microbiology
  • Corneal Ulcer / drug therapy
  • Corneal Ulcer / epidemiology
  • Pantoea / drug effects
  • Pantoea / isolation & purification
  • Anti-Infective Agents, Local / pharmacology
  • Anti-Infective Agents, Local / therapeutic use
  • Anti-Infective Agents, Local / administration & dosage
  • Prevalence
  • Enterobacteriaceae Infections / veterinary
  • Enterobacteriaceae Infections / microbiology
  • Enterobacteriaceae Infections / epidemiology
  • Enterobacteriaceae Infections / drug therapy
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Pas D, Oltmanns H, Meißner J. In vitro characterization of antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine, N-acetylcysteine, methylglyoxal, and N-chlorotaurine as alternative antimicrobials in treating bovine clinical endometritis. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1699857.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1699857pubmed: 41624281google scholar: lookup
  2. Stolle LM, Oltmanns H, Meißner J, Heun F, Schieder AK, Wolff HT, Ohnesorge B, Busse C. Polyhexanide, Povidone-Iodine, and Hypochlorous Acid Show High In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Pathogens Commonly Associated With Equine Infectious Keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2026 Jan;29(1):e70141.
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