FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Parasympathetic Tone Changes in Anesthetized Horses after Su...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(8); doi: 10.3390/ani12081038

Parasympathetic Tone Changes in Anesthetized Horses after Surgical Stimulation, and Morphine, Ketamine, and Dobutamine Administration.

Abstract: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity can modify cardiovascular parameters in response to nociceptive stimuli or drugs in anesthetized animals. The aim of this study was to determine if a surgical nociceptive stimulus and morphine, ketamine, and dobutamine administration would modify ANS activity observed as a change in the mean parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm) in anesthetized horses. In 20 anesthetized horses, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PTAm were monitored before and 1, 3, and 5 min after surgical incision, and before and 10 min after the administration of morphine (0.2 mg/kg IV). If nystagmus or spontaneous ventilation was observed, ketamine (0.5 mg/kg IV) was given, and the three variables were registered before and 3 and 5 min afterward. If MAP reached ≤62 mmHg, a dobutamine infusion was administered, and the three variables were recorded before and 5 min after starting/increasing the infusion (0.25 μg/kg/min IV every 5 min). The three variables were registered before and 1, 3, and 5 min after a PTAm decrease of ≥20%, HR increase of ≥10%, or MAP increase of ≥20%. The PTAm decreased 3 min after the administration of ketamine and 1 min after a PTA event. The surgical incision, dobutamine, and morphine did not modify PTAm. The absence of changes in ANS activity after the nociceptive stimulus and lack of correlation between PTAm and HR or MAP suggest that PTAm is a poor indicator of sympathetic activation under the study conditions. Ketamine seems to affect ANS activity by decreasing PTAm.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-04-15 PubMed ID: 35454284PubMed Central: PMC9027407DOI: 10.3390/ani12081038Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates how surgery and certain drugs affect the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in anesthetized horses, as measured by parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm). It found that ketamine lowers PTAm, while dobutamine, morphine, and surgery had no effect. The findings also suggest that PTAm may not be a reliable indicator of the level of sympathetic nervous system activation under these circumstances.

Study Aim and Methodology

  • This research aimed to observe changes in ANS activity—specifically PTAm levels—in anesthetized horses following a surgical incision, and the administration of three drugs, namely morphine, ketamine, and dobutamine.
  • The experiment was carried out on 20 anesthetized horses.
  • Researchers maintained a vigilant observation of the horses’ heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PTAm.
  • These parameters were noted before and at specified intervals after the surgical incision, and the drug infusions.
  • If any adverse reactions like spontaneous ventilation or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement) were noted, ketamine was administered.
  • In case of a drop in MAP to ≤62 mmHg, dobutamine was given.

Results and Observations

  • The study results indicate that ketamine infusion caused a decrease in PTAm 3 minutes after administration.
  • However, other stimuli, including dobutamine intake, surgery, and morphine, did not bring about any significant changes in PTAm.
  • The PTAm also decreased 1 minute following a PTAm event that showed a decrease of ≥20%.
  • Mirroring increases in HR and MAP did not correlate with any substantial changes in PTAm, indicating that using PTAm as an indicator of sympathetic activation may not yield accurate results in these conditions.

Conclusion of the Study

  • The research established that, under the specific conditions of the study, PTAm may not be a reliable measure of sympathetic nervous system activation.
  • The administered ketamine was noted to influence ANS activity by decreasing PTAm.
  • However, the surgical incisions and the drugs morphine and dobutamine did not elicit significant changes in PTAm.
  • In conclusion, the interaction of various drugs and physical stimuli with the ANS and their subsequent effect on PTAm needs to be investigated further for improved understanding and potential clinical applications.

Cite This Article

APA
Ruíz-López P, Morgaz J, Quirós-Carmona S, Navarrete-Calvo R, Domínguez JM, Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Granados MM. (2022). Parasympathetic Tone Changes in Anesthetized Horses after Surgical Stimulation, and Morphine, Ketamine, and Dobutamine Administration. Animals (Basel), 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12081038

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 8

Researcher Affiliations

Ruíz-López, Patricia
  • Department of Surgery and Anesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Morgaz, Juan
  • Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
Quirós-Carmona, Setefilla
  • Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
Navarrete-Calvo, Rocío
  • Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
Domínguez, Juan Manuel
  • Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
Gómez-Villamandos, Rafael Jesús
  • Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
Granados, M M
  • Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 37 references
  1. Gruenewald M, Ilies C, Herz J, Schoenherr T, Fudickar A, Höcker J, Bein B. Influence of nociceptive stimulation on analgesia nociception index (ANI) during propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia.. Br. J. Anaesth. 2013;110:1024–1030.
    doi: 10.1093/bja/aet019pubmed: 23471754google scholar: lookup
  2. Jeanne M, Clément C, De Jonckheere J, Logier R, Tavernier B. Variations of the analgesia nociception index during general anaesthesia for laparoscopic abdominal surgery.. J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 2012;26:289–294.
    doi: 10.1007/s10877-012-9354-0pubmed: 22454275google scholar: lookup
  3. Komatsu T, Singh P.K, Kimura T, Nishiwaki K, Bando K, Shimada Y. Differential effects of ketamine and midazolam on heart rate variability.. Can. J. Anaesth. 1995;42:1003–1009.
    doi: 10.1007/BF03011073pubmed: 8590488google scholar: lookup
  4. Paris A, Tonner P.H, Bein B, von Knobelsdorff G, Scholz J. Heart rate variability in anesthesia.. Anaesthesiol. Reanim. 2001;26:60–69.
    pubmed: 11455865
  5. de Geus E.J.C, Gianaros P.J, Brindle R.C, Jennings J.R, Berntson G.G. Should heart rate variability be “corrected” for heart rate? Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations.. Psychophysiology 2019;56:e13287.
    doi: 10.1111/psyp.13287pmc: PMC6378407pubmed: 30357862google scholar: lookup
  6. Boselli E, Logier R, Bouvet L, Allaouchiche B. Prediction of hemodynamic reactivity using dynamic variations of Analgesia/Nociception Index (∆ANI). J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 2016;30:977–984.
    doi: 10.1007/s10877-015-9802-8pubmed: 26546363google scholar: lookup
  7. Mansour C, Merlin T, Bonnet-Garin J.M, Chaaya R, Mocci R, Ruiz C.C, Allaouchiche B, Boselli E, Junot S. Evaluation of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index to assess the analgesia/nociception balance in anaesthetised dogs.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2017;115:271–277.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.009pubmed: 28575801google scholar: lookup
  8. Mansour C, El Hachem N, Jamous P, Saade G, Boselli E, Allaouchiche B, Bonnet J.M, Junot S, Chaaya R. Performance of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index to assess the intraoperative nociception using different premedication drugs in anaesthetised dogs.. Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. 2020;8:49–55.
    doi: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1783090pmc: PMC7476537pubmed: 32953875google scholar: lookup
  9. Mansour C, Mocci R, Santangelo B, Sredensek J, Chaaya R, Allaouchiche B, Bonnet-Garin J.M, Boselli E, Junot S. Performance of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index to predict changes in mean arterial pressure in anaesthetized horses with different health conditions.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2021;139:43–50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.005pubmed: 34246942google scholar: lookup
  10. Aguado D, Bustamante R, García-Sanz V, González-Blanco P, Gómez de Segura I.A. Efficacy of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity monitor to assess nociception in healthy dogs anaesthetized with propofol and sevoflurane.. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2020;47:103–110.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.05.014pubmed: 31635963google scholar: lookup
  11. Leitão C.J, Lima-Rodríguez J.R, Ferreira F, Avelino C, Sánchez-Margallo F.M, Antunes L. Parasympathetic Tone Activity Evaluation to Discriminate Ketorolac and Ketorolac/Tramadol Analgesia Level in Swine.. Anesth. Analg. 2019;129:882–889.
    doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003573pubmed: 31425233google scholar: lookup
  12. Ruíz-López P, Domínguez J.M, Granados M.D.M. Intraoperative nociception-antinociception monitors: A review from the veterinary perspective.. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2020;47:152–159.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.09.006pubmed: 32007442google scholar: lookup
  13. Smith A.L, Owen H, Reynolds K.J. Heart rate variability indices for very short-term (30 beat) analysis. Part 1: Survey and toolbox.. J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 2013;27:569–576.
    doi: 10.1007/s10877-013-9471-4pubmed: 23674071google scholar: lookup
  14. Dmitrović P, Vanaga J, Dupont J, Franck T, Gougnard A, Detilleux J, Kovalcuka L, Salciccia A, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Effect of Fentanyl Infusion on Heart Rate Variability and Anaesthetic Requirements in Isoflurane-Anaesthetized Horses.. Animals 2021;11:2922.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11102922pmc: PMC8532720pubmed: 34679943google scholar: lookup
  15. Bollag L, Ortner C.M, Jelacic S, Rivat C, Landau R, Richebé P. The effects of low-dose ketamine on the analgesia nociception index (ANI) measured with the novel PhysioDoloris™ analgesia monitor: A pilot study.. J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 2015;29:291–295.
    doi: 10.1007/s10877-014-9600-8pubmed: 25062948google scholar: lookup
  16. Chernow B, Lake C.R, Cruess D, Coyle J, Hughes P, Balestrieri F, Casey L, Rainey T.G, Fletcher J.R. Plasma, urine, and CSF catecholamine concentrations during and after ketamine anesthesia.. Crit. Care Med. 1982;10:600–603.
    doi: 10.1097/00003246-198209000-00009pubmed: 7105769google scholar: lookup
  17. Clutton R.E. Opioid analgesia in horses.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2010;26:493–514.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.07.002pubmed: 21056296google scholar: lookup
  18. Schauvliege S, Gasthuys F. Drugs for cardiovascular support in anesthetized horses.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2013;29:19–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.11.011pubmed: 23498044google scholar: lookup
  19. Dancker C, Hopster K, Rohn K, Kästner S.B. Effects of dobutamine, dopamine, phenylephrine and noradrenaline on systemic haemodynamics and intestinal perfusion in isoflurane anaesthetised horses.. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:104–110.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12721pubmed: 28710899google scholar: lookup
  20. Ohta M, Wakuno A, Okada J, Kodaira K, Nagata S, Ito M, Oku K. Effects of intravenous fentanyl administration on end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations in thoroughbred racehorses undergoing orthopedic surgery.. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2010;72:1107–1111.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.09-0285pubmed: 20379087google scholar: lookup
  21. Vettorello M, Colombo R, De Grandis C.E, Costantini E, Raimondi F. Effect of fentanyl on heart rate variability during spontaneous and paced breathing in healthy volunteers.. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2008;52:1064–1070.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01713.xpubmed: 18840105google scholar: lookup
  22. Bressan N, McGregor C, Smith K, Lecce L, James A. Heart rate variability as an indicator for morphine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill newborn infants; Proceedings of the 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; Chicago, IL, USA.. 26–30 August 2014; pp. 5719–5722.
    doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944926pubmed: 25571294google scholar: lookup
  23. Stegmann G.F, Littlejohn A. The effect of lateral and dorsal recumbency on cardiopulmonary function in the anaesthetised horse.. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 1987;58:21–27.
    pubmed: 3112395
  24. Steffey E.P, Dunlop C.I, Farver T.B, Woliner M.J, Schultz L.J. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized horses.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1987;48:7–12.
    pubmed: 3826845
  25. Edner A, Nyman G, Essén-Gustavsson B. The effects of spontaneous and mechanical ventilation on central cardiovascular function and peripheral perfusion during isoflurane anaesthesia in horses.. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2005;32:136–146.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00190.xpubmed: 15877660google scholar: lookup
  26. Thomasy S.M, Moeller B.C, Stanley S.D. Comparison of opioid receptor binding in horse, guinea pig, and rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum.. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2007;34:351–358.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00337.xpubmed: 17565576google scholar: lookup
  27. Wetmore L.A, Pascoe P.J, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Lindsey J.C. Effects of fentanyl administration on locomotor response in horses with the G57C μ-opioid receptor polymorphism.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2016;77:828–832.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.8.828pubmed: 27463545google scholar: lookup
  28. Muir W.W. NMDA receptor antagonists and pain: Ketamine.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2010;26:565–578.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.07.009pubmed: 21056300google scholar: lookup
  29. Hans P, Dewandre P.Y, Brichant J.F, Bonhomme V. Comparative effects of ketamine on Bispectral Index and spectral entropy of the electroencephalogram under sevoflurane anaesthesia.. Br. J. Anaesth. 2005;94:336–340.
    doi: 10.1093/bja/aei047pubmed: 15591328google scholar: lookup
  30. Jeanne M, Delecroix M, De Jonckheere J, Keribedj A, Logier R, Tavernier B. Variations of the analgesia nociception index during propofol anesthesia for total knee replacement.. Clin. J. Pain. 2014;30:1084–1088.
    doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000083pubmed: 24525906google scholar: lookup
  31. Logier R, Jeanne M, De Jonckheere J, Dassonneville A, Delecroix M, Tavernier B. PhysioDoloris: A monitoring device for analgesia / nociception balance evaluation using heart rate variability analysis; Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology; Buenos Aires, Argentina.. 31 August–4 September 2010; pp. 1194–1197.
    doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5625971pubmed: 21095676google scholar: lookup
  32. Ledowski T, Averhoff L, Tiong W.S, Lee C. Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) to predict intraoperative haemodynamic changes: Results of a pilot investigation.. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2014;58:74–79.
    doi: 10.1111/aas.12216pubmed: 24164336google scholar: lookup
  33. Valverde A. Alpha-2 agonists as pain therapy in horses.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2010;26:515–532.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.07.003pubmed: 21056297google scholar: lookup
  34. Santonastaso A, Hardy J, Cohen N, Fajt V. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of xylazine administered by the intravenous or intra-osseous route in adult horses.. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014;37:565–570.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12136pubmed: 25066385google scholar: lookup
  35. Knych H.K. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use in Horses.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2017;33:1–15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.11.001pubmed: 28190614google scholar: lookup
  36. Kaka J.S, Klavano P.A, Hayton W.L. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in the horse.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1979;40:978–981.
    pubmed: 507501
  37. Knych H.K, Steffey E.P, McKemie D.S. Preliminary pharmacokinetics of morphine and its major metabolites following intravenous administration of four doses to horses.. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014;37:374–381.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12098pubmed: 24479785google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.