Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ciprofloxacin in adult horses.
Abstract: Using a randomized, cross-over study design, ciprofloxacin was administered i.g. to eight adult mares at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and to seven of the eight horses at a dose of 5 mg/kg by bolus i.v. injection. The mean C(0) was 20.5 μg/mL (±8.8) immediately after i.v. administration. The C(max) was 0.6 μg/mL (±0.36) at T(max) 1.46 (±0.66) h after the administration of oral ciprofloxacin. The mean elimination half-life after i.v. administration was 5.8 (±1.6) h, and after oral administration the terminal half-life was 3.6 (±1.7) h. The overall mean systemic availability of the oral dose was 10.5 (±2.8)%. Transient adverse effects of mild to moderate severity included agitation, excitement and muscle fasciculation, followed by lethargy, cutaneous edema and loss of appetite developed in all seven horses after i.v. administration. All seven horses developed mild transient diarrhea at 36-48 after i.v. dosing. All eight horses dosed intragastrically experienced adverse events attributable to ciprofloxacin administration. Adverse events included mild transient diarrhea to severe colitis, endotoxemia and laminitis necessitating euthanasia of three horses on humane grounds. The high incidences of adverse events preclude oral and rapid i.v. push administration of ciprofloxacin.
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Publication Date: 2010-11-11 PubMed ID: 21062312DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01167.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The study investigates the effects and potential toxicity of a common antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, when administered to adult horses. The findings suggest that ciprofloxacin leads to several adverse effects in horses, making oral and rapid intravenous administration unfavorable.
Research Design and Methodology
- The study was executed as a randomized, cross-over experiment involving eight adult mares.
- The horses were subjected to two different dosing levels of ciprofloxacin: 20 mg/kg administered orally (i.g.) and 5 mg/kg given via a bolus intravenous (i.v.) injection.
- Focusing on pharmacokinetic parameters, the study analyzed the mean peak concentration (C(0)), the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), the time it took medication concentration to reach peak levels (T(max)), and the mean elimination half-life post i.v. and oral administration.
Results and Findings
- After i.v. administration, the mean peak concentration was 20.5 µg/mL, immediately following administration.
- The maximum plasma concentration after oral ciprofloxacin intake was 0.6 µg/mL, achieved at an average of 1.46 hours post administration.
- The mean elimination half-life was 5.8 hours for i.v. administration and 3.6 hours post oral intake.
- The overall systemic availability of orally administered ciprofloxacin averaged 10.5%.
Adverse Effects
- The horses showed varying degrees of transient adverse effects such as agitation, excitement, muscle fasciculation, followed by lethargy, skin edema, and appetite loss after i.v. administration.
- All seven horses administered with i.v. ciprofloxacin developed transient mild diarrhea 36-48 hours post dosing.
- All horses that received ciprofloxacin orally experienced adverse effects that varied from mild transient diarrhea to severe colitis, endotoxemia, and laminitis. These severe effects warranted the euthanasia of three horses for humane reasons.
Study Conclusions
- The observed adverse effects render both oral and rapid i.v. administration of ciprofloxacin unsuitable for use in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Yamarik TA, Wilson WD, Wiebe VJ, Pusterla N, Edman J, Papich MG.
(2010).
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ciprofloxacin in adult horses.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 33(6), 587-594.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01167.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Torill.Yamarik@HCAHealthcare.com
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents / administration & dosage
- Anti-Infective Agents / pharmacokinetics
- Anti-Infective Agents / toxicity
- Ciprofloxacin / administration & dosage
- Ciprofloxacin / pharmacokinetics
- Ciprofloxacin / toxicity
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / veterinary
- Endotoxemia / chemically induced
- Endotoxemia / veterinary
- Female
- Half-Life
- Horse Diseases / chemically induced
- Horses / metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous / veterinary
- Male
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