Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys: A preliminary study.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after intravenous (IVB) and intramuscular (IMB) administration in donkeys were determined in this preliminary study. Healthy male gelded donkeys ( = 5), aged 6-12 years old, were administered 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IV or IM in a randomized, crossover design. Blood samples were obtained at predetermined intervals for 24 h (IVB) and 48 h (IMB) after administration. Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Following IVB administration, mean (± SE) apparent volume of distribution, elimination half-life, total body clearance, and area under the plasma concentration time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC) were 322 ± 50 mL/kg, 0.83 ± 0.318 h, 400 ± 114 mL/h/kg, 370 ± 131 h·ng/mL, respectively. After IMB administration, a maximum plasma drug concentration of 369 ± 190 ng/mL was reached at 0.48 ± 0.09 h. The IMB AUC was 410 ± 60 h·ng/mL. Bioavailability of IMB was 133 ± 45%. The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in healthy donkeys was characterized by faster elimination half-life compared to values from the equine literature.
Copyright © 2022 Ebner, O, Simon, Lizarraga, Smith and Cox.
Publication Date: 2022-09-23 PubMed ID: 36213418PubMed Central: PMC9539103DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.979794Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This study investigates the pharmacokinetics of a drug called butorphanol, given intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) in donkeys, and finds that the drug is eliminated from the body faster than prior studies in horses suggest.
Design of the Research
- The study examined the pharmacokinetics i.e., how the medicine moves inside the body, of the drug butorphanol in donkeys, following its administration through intravenous and intramuscular routes.
- The sample group comprised of 5 healthy male donkeys between the ages of 6 to 12 years old.
- The administration of the drug was randomized, and followed a crossover design, which essentially means each donkey underwent both methods of drug administration, but in a different order, to avoid any potential bias.
- The quantity of the drug administered was 0.1 mg/kg body weight, so as to maintain uniformity and minimize the impact of weight-related differences among the donkeys.
Data Collection & Analysis
- Blood samples were taken from the donkeys at specific intervals for 24 hours post administration of intravenous butorphanol (IVB), and for 48 hours post intramuscular butorphanol (IMB) administration.
- Butorphanol concentration levels were measured using a method called high performance liquid chromatography.
- Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated to assess the changes in concentration over time. These parameters included volume of distribution (how well the drug has been distributed throughout the body), elimination half-life, total body clearance (how well the body gets rid of the drug), and area under the curve (a measure of total drug exposure).
Research Findings
- The findings revealed that post IVB administration, the average volume of distribution, elimination half-life, total body clearance, and area under the plasma concentration time curve were 322 mL/kg, 0.83 hours, 400 mL/h/kg, and 370 h·ng/mL respectively.
- After IMB administration, maximum plasma drug concentration was 369 ng/mL, which was reached approximately 0.48 hours after administration. The IMB area under the curve was 410 h·ng/mL.
- The bioavailability (proportion of the drug that enters circulation and have an active effect) of IMB was 133%, suggesting that more drug was absorbed than administered, possibly due to the enterohepatic recirculation.
- In comparison to previous studies in horses, this study found a faster elimination half-life of butorphanol in donkeys implying the drug is cleared faster in donkeys than in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Ebner L, O O, Simon B, Lizarraga I, Smith J, Cox S.
(2022).
Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys: A preliminary study.
Front Vet Sci, 9, 979794.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.979794 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
- SAGE Veterinary Centers, Dublin, CA, United States.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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