FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Virology1995; 214(2); 690-697; doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.0087

Phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame 5 of field isolates of equine arteritis virus and identification of conserved and nonconserved regions in the GL envelope glycoprotein.

Abstract: The variation and phylogenetic relationship of open reading frame 5 (ORF5) of 3 different laboratory strains of the original prototype Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV), the modified live virus vaccine (ARVAC, Fort Dodge Laboratories), and 18 field isolates of EAV from North America and Europe were determined by comparison of their gene sequences. The viruses differed from the published sequence by between 3 (99.6% homology) and 94 (87.8%) nucleotides and by between 3 (98.8%) and 24 (90.6%) amino acids. The field isolates differed from each other by between 2 (99.7%) and 110 (85.7%) nucleotides and by between 1 (99.6%) and 26 (89.8%) amino acids. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of these viruses indicates that although they are very closely related, the ORF5 of each virus is distinct. The ORF5 of EAV encodes the GL envelope glycoprotein which expresses the neutralization determinants of the virus. Comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the GL protein of the viruses identified three distinct variable regions (V1 [aa 61-121], V2 [141-178], and V3 [aa 202-222]), a putative signal sequence (S [aa 1-18]), and four conserved regions (C1 [aa 19-60], C2 [aa 122-140], C3 [aa 179-201], and C4 [aa 223-255]). Amino acid substitutions in the V1 region of the GL protein of EAV field isolates had significant effects on the predicted hydrophobicity and secondary structure of the protein, which is potentially important because this region contains a major neutralization site. Estimation of genetic distances and phylogenetic tree analysis of these viruses identified four distinct groups of EAV isolates, including two North American (NA1 and NA2) and two European (E1 and E2) groups. The sequence data obtained from individual European and North American isolates suggest movement of viruses between the two continents.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1995-12-20 PubMed ID: 8553578DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.0087Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on examining the variations and genetic relationships among different laboratory and field strains of Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) based on their gene sequences. The study specifically evaluates the Open Reading Frame 5 (ORF5) of these strains, identifies distinct groups of EAV strains, and suggests a potential cross-continental virus movement.

Examining the Variations in Different Strains

  • The study initially involves a comprehensive analysis of the Open Reading Frame 5 (ORF5) of 3 different laboratory strains originally derived from the prototype Bucyrus strain of EAV and 18 field strains from North America and Europe.
  • This investigation brings out substantial differences in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the examined viruses compared to a published EAV sequence. These variations range from a minor 0.4% difference to a significant 12.2% deviation in nucleotides, and from a 1.2% to 9.4% deviation in amino acids.
  • The comparison among different field isolates also points out variations ranging from 0.3% to 13.1% in nucleotides and from 0.4% to 10.2% in amino acids.

Uniqueness of Each Strain

  • The variations, as remarked above, indicate the unique genetic makeup of each virus strain.
  • They particularly denote the distinctness of the ORF5 of each EAV strain, which plays an essential role in expressing the neutralization determinants of the virus.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis

  • The study continues with a comparative analysis of the deduced amino-acid sequence of the GL protein of these viruses.
  • This analysis reveals three variable regions, one putative signal sequence, and four conserved regions.
  • It also highlights significant effects of amino acid substitutions in the V1 variable region on the predicted hydrophobicity and secondary structure of the protein. It is an important finding as this region contains a major neutralization site.

Phylogenetic Grouping and Conclusion

  • The estimation of genetic distances and the construction of a phylogenetic tree segregates the studied isolates into four distinct groups. These include two North American groups (NA1 and NA2) and two European groups (E1 and E2).
  • The analysis of gene sequences from individual isolates across the continents suggests a potential movement of EAV strains between North America and Europe.

Cite This Article

APA
Balasuriya UB, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, MacLachlan NJ. (1995). Phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame 5 of field isolates of equine arteritis virus and identification of conserved and nonconserved regions in the GL envelope glycoprotein. Virology, 214(2), 690-697. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.0087

Publication

Virology
ISSN: 0042-6822
NlmUniqueID: 0110674
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 214
Issue: 2
Pages: 690-697

Researcher Affiliations

Balasuriya, U B
  • Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
Timoney, P J
    McCollum, W H
      MacLachlan, N J

        MeSH Terms

        • Amino Acid Sequence
        • Animals
        • Cell Line
        • Conserved Sequence
        • Equartevirus / genetics
        • Genetic Variation
        • Glycoproteins / genetics
        • Molecular Sequence Data
        • Open Reading Frames
        • Phylogeny
        • RNA, Viral
        • Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
        • Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics

        Citations

        This article has been cited 21 times.
        1. Bhat S, Karunakaran S, Frossard JP, Choudhury B, Steinbach F. Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus associated with outbreaks in the UK, 2019. J Gen Virol 2025 Dec;106(12).
          doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.002181pubmed: 41334982google scholar: lookup
        2. Hsu CY, Jang Y, Huang WR, Wang CY, Wen HW, Tsai PC, Yang CY, Munir M, Liu HJ. Development of Polycistronic Baculovirus Surface Display Vectors to Simultaneously Express Viral Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Analysis of Their Immunogenicity in Swine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023 Oct 31;11(11).
          doi: 10.3390/vaccines11111666pubmed: 38005998google scholar: lookup
        3. Nam B, Mekuria Z, Carossino M, Li G, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Cook RF, Shuck KM, Campos JR, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Intrahost Selection Pressure Drives Equine Arteritis Virus Evolution during Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2019 Jun 15;93(12).
          doi: 10.1128/JVI.00045-19pubmed: 30918077google scholar: lookup
        4. Lazić S, Lupulović D, Gaudaire D, Petrovic T, Lazić G, Hans A. Serological evidence of equine arteritis virus infection and phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates in semen of stallions from Serbia. BMC Vet Res 2017 Nov 7;13(1):316.
          doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1226-xpubmed: 29115996google scholar: lookup
        5. Steinbach F, Westcott DG, McGowan SL, Grierson SS, Frossard JP, Choudhury B. Re-emergence of a genetic outlier strain of equine arteritis virus: Impact on phylogeny. Virus Res 2015 Apr 16;202:144-50.
          doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.009pubmed: 25527462google scholar: lookup
        6. Balasuriya UB, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Equine arteritis virus. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):93-122.
          doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.015pubmed: 23891306google scholar: lookup
        7. Go YY, Wong SJ, Branscum AJ, Demarest VL, Shuck KM, Vickers ML, Zhang J, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Development of a fluorescent-microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific to equine arteritis virus and comparison with the virus neutralization test. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Jan;15(1):76-87.
          doi: 10.1128/CVI.00388-07pubmed: 18032597google scholar: lookup
        8. Echeverría MG, Díaz S, Metz GE, Serena MS, Panei CJ, Nosetto E. Genetic typing of equine arteritis virus isolates from Argentina. Virus Genes 2007 Oct;35(2):313-20.
          doi: 10.1007/s11262-007-0081-4pubmed: 17294142google scholar: lookup
        9. MacLachlan NJ, Balasuriya UB. Equine viral arteritis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006;581:429-33.
          doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_77pubmed: 17037573google scholar: lookup
        10. Glaser AL, Chirnside ED, Horzinek MC, de Vries AA. Equine arteritis virus. Theriogenology 1997 Apr 15;47(6):1275-95.
          doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00107-6pubmed: 16728076google scholar: lookup
        11. Castillo-Olivares J, Wieringa R, Bakonyi T, de Vries AA, Davis-Poynter NJ, Rottier PJ. Generation of a candidate live marker vaccine for equine arteritis virus by deletion of the major virus neutralization domain. J Virol 2003 Aug;77(15):8470-80.
          doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.15.8470-8480.2003pubmed: 12857916google scholar: lookup
        12. Snijder EJ, Dobbe JC, Spaan WJ. Heterodimerization of the two major envelope proteins is essential for arterivirus infectivity. J Virol 2003 Jan;77(1):97-104.
          doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.97-104.2003pubmed: 12477814google scholar: lookup
        13. Jeronimo C, Archambault D. Importance of M-protein C terminus as substrate antigen for serodetection of equine arteritis virus infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002 May;9(3):698-703.
          doi: 10.1128/cdli.9.3.698-703.2002pubmed: 11986280google scholar: lookup
        14. Weiland E, Bolz S, Weiland F, Herbst W, Raamsman MJ, Rottier PJ, De Vries AA. Monoclonal antibodies directed against conserved epitopes on the nucleocapsid protein and the major envelope glycoprotein of equine arteritis virus. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Jun;38(6):2065-75.
          doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.6.2065-2075.2000pubmed: 10834955google scholar: lookup
        15. Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic divergence with emergence of novel phenotypic variants of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of stallions. J Virol 1999 May;73(5):3672-81.
          doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.5.3672-3681.1999pubmed: 10196259google scholar: lookup
        16. Kheyar A, St-Laurent G, Diouri M, Archambault D. Nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the leader region of Canadian, American and European equine arteritis virus isolates. Can J Vet Res 1998 Jul;62(3):224-30.
          pubmed: 9684053
        17. Pirzadeh B, Gagnon CA, Dea S. Genomic and antigenic variations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus major envelope GP5 glycoprotein. Can J Vet Res 1998 Jul;62(3):170-7.
          pubmed: 9684045
        18. Kheyar A, Martin S, St-Laurent G, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, Archambault D. Expression cloning and humoral immune response to the nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of equine arteritis virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997 Nov;4(6):648-52.
          doi: 10.1128/cdli.4.6.648-652.1997pubmed: 9384283google scholar: lookup
        19. St-Laurent G, Lepage N, Carman S, Archambault D. Genetic and amino acid analysis of the GL protein of Canadian, American and European equine arteritis virus isolates. Can J Vet Res 1997 Jan;61(1):72-6.
          pubmed: 9008807
        20. Lepage N, St-Laurent G, Carman S, Archambault D. Comparison of nucleic and amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the Gs protein of various equine arteritis virus isolates. Virus Genes 1996;13(1):87-91.
          doi: 10.1007/BF00576983pubmed: 8938984google scholar: lookup
        21. Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic variation in open reading frame 2 of field isolates and laboratory strains of equine arteritis virus. Virus Res 1996 Jun;42(1-2):41-52.
          doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01294-4pubmed: 8806173google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.