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Theriogenology1997; 47(6); 1275-1295; doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00107-6

Equine arteritis virus.

Abstract: Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a small, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus, in the family Arteriviridae , W.H.ich can infect both horses and donkeys. While the majority of EAV infections are asymptomatic, acutely infected animals may develop a wide range of clinical signs, including pyrexia, limb and ventral edema, depression, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. The virus may cause abortion and has caused mortality in neonates. After natural EAV infection, most horses develop a solid, long-term immunity to the disease. Marzz and geldings eliminate the virus within 60 days, but 30 to 60% of acutely infected stallions will become persistently infected. These persistently infected animals maintain EAV within the reproductive tract, shed virus continuously in the semen, and can transmit the virus venereally. Mares infected venereally may not have clinical signs, but they shed large amounts of virus in nasopharyngeal secretions and in urine, which may result in lateral spread of the infection by an aerosol route. The consequences of venereally acquired infection are minimal, with no known effects on conception rate, but mares infected at a late stages of gestation may abort. Identification of carrier stallions is crucial to control the dissemination of EAV. The stallions can be identified by serological screening using a virus neutralization (VN) test. If positive at a titer of >/= 1:4, the stallion should be tested for persistent infection by virus isolation from the sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate, or by test mating Shedding stallions should not be used for breeding, or should be bred only to mares seropositive from a natural infection or from vaccination, the mares should be subsequently isolated from seronegative horses for three weeks after natural or artificial insemination. A live attenuated (ARVAC) and a formalin-inactivated (ARTERVAC) vaccine are available. Both vaccines induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, the presence of which correlates with protection from disease, abortion, and the development of a persistent infection. Serological investigations indicate that EAV has a worldwide distribution and that its prevalence is increasing. As a consequence, an increasing number of equine viral arteritis (EVA) outbreaks is being reported. This trend is likely to continue unless action is taken to slow or halt the transmission of this agent through semen.
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Publication Date: 1997-04-15 PubMed ID: 16728076PubMed Central: PMC7127492DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00107-6Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores the Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV), which affects horses and donkeys, leading to various clinical signs and in some cases, persistent infection in stallions. Through shedding, these stallions can transmit the virus, which can cause increased disease outbreak. Identification of carrier stallions is essential, and preventative measures can be taken through available vaccines.

The Equine Arteritis Virus

  • Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) is an RNA virus that can infect both horses and donkeys.
  • Mares, geldings, and stallions can all be infected, but it’s the stallions that can hold the virus for a prolonged period, causing continuous infection.
  • The virus can manifest in various symptoms, such as fever, edema, depression, and rhinitis. In severe cases, it can cause abortion in mares and mortality in neonates.

The Risk of Infection Spread

  • Stallions are considered carriers of the virus and can pass it on through shedding in their semen.
  • Infected mares can also spread the virus through nasopharyngeal secretions and urine. This further risks aerosol transmission.
  • Later stage pregnancies in mares can lead to abortion if the mare is infected.

Detection and Control of EAV

  • A control measure highlighted in the study was the identification of carrier stallions via a virus neutralization (VN) test. If positive, further testing is performed to confirm the persistence of the virus.
  • Once identified, it is recommended that carrier stallions should not be bred or should only mate with mares that have tested positive for the virus or have received a vaccination.
  • In addition to these measures, infected mares should be isolated for three weeks after natural or artificial insemination to prevent the spreading of the virus.

Available Vaccines

  • The study mentions the availability of two vaccines, ARVAC (live attenuated) and ARTERVAC (formalin-inactivated). Both induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, which correlate with disease and abortion protection, and preventing the development of persistent infection.
  • With these vaccines, the virus’s spread can be mitigated, and coupled with speedier identification of carrier stallions, further outbreaks may be prevented.

Prevalence of EAV

  • Despite these prevention and control methods, the research notes an increasing trend in EAV prevalence and consequent Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) outbreaks worldwide.
  • The paper underlines the need for further measures to halt the transmission of this agent, particularly through semen, lest the number of EVA outbreaks escalates.

Cite This Article

APA
Glaser AL, Chirnside ED, Horzinek MC, de Vries AA. (1997). Equine arteritis virus. Theriogenology, 47(6), 1275-1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00107-6

Publication

Theriogenology
ISSN: 0093-691X
NlmUniqueID: 0421510
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 47
Issue: 6
Pages: 1275-1295

Researcher Affiliations

Glaser, A L
  • Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Chirnside, E D
    Horzinek, M C
      de Vries, A A

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