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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(15); 1875; doi: 10.3390/ani12151875

Physicochemical Analysis of Mixed Venous and Arterial Blood Acid-Base State in Horses at Core Temperature during and after Moderate-Intensity Exercise.

Abstract: The present study determined the independent contributions of temperature, strong ion difference ([SID]), total weak acid concentration ([Atot]) and PCO2 to changes in arterial and mixed venous [H+] and total carbon dioxide concentration ([TCO2]) during 37 min of moderate intensity exercise (~50% of heart rate max) and the first 60 min of recovery. Six horses were fitted with indwelling carotid and pulmonary artery (PA) catheters, had PA temperature measured, and had blood samples withdrawn for immediate analysis of plasma ion and gas concentrations. The increase in core temperature during exercise (+4.5 °C; p < 0.001) significantly (p 0.01). The physicochemical acid-base approach was used to determine contributions of independent variables (except temperature) to the changes in [H+] and [TCO2]. In both arterial and venous blood, there was no acidosis during exercise and recovery despite significant (p < 0.05) increases in [lactate] and in venous PCO2. In arterial blood plasma, a mild alkalosis with exercise was due to primarily to a decrease in PCO2 (p < 0.05) and an increase in [SID] (p < 0.1). In venous blood plasma, a near absence of change in [H+] was due to the acidifying effects of increased PCO2 (p < 0.01) being offset by the alkalizing effects of increased [SID] (p < 0.05). The effect of temperature on PO2 (p < 0.001) resulted in an increased arterio-venous PO2 difference (p < 0.001) that would facilitate O2 transfer to contracting muscle. The simultaneous changes in the PCO2 and the concentrations of the other independent acid-base variables (contributions from individual strong and weak ions as manifest in [SID] and [Atot]) show complex, multilevel control of acid-base states in horses performing even moderate intensity exercise. Correction of acid-base variables to core body temperature presents a markedly different physiological response to exercise than that provided by variables measured and presented at an instrument temperature of 37 °C.
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Publication Date: 2022-07-22 PubMed ID: 35892525PubMed Central: PMC9332600DOI: 10.3390/ani12151875Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates the factors contributing to changes in blood acid-base state in horses undertaking moderate-intensity exercise. It focuses on the roles of temperature, strong ion difference, total weak acid concentration, and PCO2 in these changes during exercise and recovery.

Study Design and Methodology

  • Carried out on six horses, the research involved a 37-minute moderate-intensity exercise, followed by a 60-minute recovery period.
  • During the experiment, the horses had indwelling carotid and pulmonary artery (PA) catheters and had their PA temperatures measured. Blood samples were taken for immediate analysis.

Results and Findings

  • The core temperature increased during exercise (+4.5 °C), leading to an increase in PO2, PCO2, and [H+]. However, there wasn’t a significant change in the concentration of total carbon dioxide ([TCO2]).
  • An assessment using the physicochemical acid-base approach indicated the impact of various independent variables (except temperature) on changes in [H+] and [TCO2].
  • The arterial and mixed venous blood didn’t show any acidosis during exercise and recovery, despite the significant increase in [lactate] and venous PCO2.
  • In the arterial blood plasma, mild alkalosis occurred due to decreased PCO2 and an increase in the strong ion difference ([SID]).
  • In contrast, there was almost no change in [H+] in the venous blood plasma due to the balancing of the acidification effects of an increased PCO2 by the alkalization effects of an increased [SID].
  • The rise in core temperature affected the PO2, resulting in an increased arterio-venous PO2 difference that would facilitate oxygen transfer to contracting muscles.

Implications and Conclusion

  • The study provides insights into the multifaceted control of acid-base states in horses undergoing even moderate intensity exercise.
  • The changes in PCO2 and the concentrations of other independent acid-base variables (contributions from individual strong and weak ions as shown through [SID] and [Atot]) played a complex role.
  • Correcting acid-base variables to core body temperature can provide a contrasting physiological response to exercise compared to variables measured and presented at an instrument temperature of 37 °C.

Cite This Article

APA
Lindinger MI, Waller AP. (2022). Physicochemical Analysis of Mixed Venous and Arterial Blood Acid-Base State in Horses at Core Temperature during and after Moderate-Intensity Exercise. Animals (Basel), 12(15), 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151875

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 15
PII: 1875

Researcher Affiliations

Lindinger, Michael I
  • Research and Development, The Nutraceutical Alliance Inc., Guelph, ON N1E 2G7, Canada.
Waller, Amanda P
  • Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.

Grant Funding

  • not known / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
  • not known / United States Equestrian Federation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Waller AP, Lindinger MI. Tracing Acid-Base Variables in Exercising Horses: Effects of Pre-Loading Oral Electrolytes.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 24;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13010073pubmed: 36611683google scholar: lookup
  2. Lindinger MI. Oral Electrolyte and Water Supplementation in Horses.. Vet Sci 2022 Nov 10;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9110626pubmed: 36356103google scholar: lookup
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