This study investigates how modern additives (adjuvants) can boost the immune response in horses to snake venom, which can then be used to produce more effective antivenom. The research found that a specific type of adjuvant, based on squalene, showed the most promise for this purpose.

Background

• Antivenom is a medication made from the blood of animals, like horses, that have been exposed to venom and developed an immune response against it.
• Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines or medications to increase the body’s immune response.
• While some adjuvants can make antivenom production more efficient, they can also cause strong local reactions in horses, limiting their use.

Objective

• The study aimed to identify modern adjuvants that can be used safely in horses to enhance their immune response to snake venom, making antivenom production more efficient.

Methodology

• First, the researchers tested the physical and chemical compatibility of various adjuvants with the venom of the Bothrops asper snake.
• Liposome and nanoparticle aluminum adjuvants showed changes when mixed with the venom, whereas squalene emulsion-based adjuvants remained stable.
• Next, they evaluated the immune response in horses after they were given venom from different snakes mixed with the tested adjuvants.

Results

• All the adjuvants tested were effective in eliciting a significant immune response against viper snake venoms.
• The most robust immune response was observed in horses treated with a squalene-in-water emulsion adjuvant.

Conclusion

• The squalene-in-water emulsion adjuvant appears to be a promising new option for producing antivenom, as it generates a strong immune response without causing harmful reactions in the horses.