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Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Physiological development of the equine fetus during late ge...
Equine veterinary journal2019; 52(2); 165-173; doi: 10.1111/evj.13206

Physiological development of the equine fetus during late gestation.

Abstract: In many species, the pattern of growth and physiological development in utero has an important role in determining not only neonatal viability but also adult phenotype and disease susceptibility. Changes in fetal development induced by a range of environmental factors including maternal nutrition, disease, placental insufficiency and social stresses have all been shown to induce adult cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction that often lead to ill health in later life. Compared to other precocious animals, much less is known about the physiological development of the fetal horse or the longer-term impacts on its phenotype of altered development in early life because of its inaccessibility in utero, large size and long lifespan. This review summaries the available data on the normal metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine development of the fetal horse during the second half of gestation. It also examines the responsiveness of these physiological systems to stresses such as hypoglycaemia and hypotension during late gestation. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the equine placenta and fetal endocrine glands in mediating the changes in fetal development seen towards term and in response to nutritional and other environmental cues. The final part of the review presents the evidence that the early life environment of the horse can alter its subsequent metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine phenotype as well as its postnatal growth and bone development. It also highlights the immediate neonatal environment as a key window of susceptibility for programming of equine phenotype. Although further studies are needed to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, developmental programming of physiological phenotype is likely to have important implications for the health and potential athletic performance of horses, particularly if born with abnormal bodyweight, premature or dysmature characteristics or produced by assisted reproductive technologies, indicative of an altered early life environment.
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Publication Date: 2019-12-17 PubMed ID: 31721295DOI: 10.1111/evj.13206Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explores physiological development of the equine fetus during the later stages of gestation, how various environmental factors can cause changes in fetal development leading to potential health problems later in life, and the role of the placenta and endocrine glands in these changes. It also discusses evolutionary programming as a mechanism, which can impact the horse’s postnatal growth, cardiovascular system, metabolism, and even athletic performance.

Understanding the Physiological Development

  • The research aims to develop an in-depth understanding of the physiological development of the fetal horse during the later half of pregnancy. This part of the research focuses on the metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine development of the equine fetus.
  • It is acknowledged that difficulties in gaining access to the fetus in utero due to the horse’s size and long lifespan poses a challenge in researching this area. This makes this area less understood compared to other precocious animals.

Responsiveness to Stresses

  • The paper examines how these physiological systems respond to stresses like hypotension and hypoglycaemia during late gestation. The main focus here is to analyse how variances in development conditions can impact the fetus.
  • The paper recognizes a range of environmental factors, such as maternal nutrition, disease, social stresses, and placental insufficiency that can lead to altered fetal development and eventually result in cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction in adult horses.

Role of the Placenta and Endocrine Glands

  • Particular emphasis is placed on the equine placenta and fetal endocrine glands. The study investigates how these play a role in mediating the changes in fetal development seen towards term and in response to various nutritional and other environmental cues.

Impact on Postnatal Development and Adult Phenotype

  • The research presents evidence that the early life environment could impact subsequent growth, cardiovascular and endocrine phenotype, and bone development in horses.
  • It also emphasizes on the immediate neonatal environment as a critical phase for evolutionary programming of the equine phenotype.

Implications for Health and Athletic Performance

  • The study suggests that the development programming of physiological phenotype could have important implications for the health and potential athletic performance of horses.
  • Particularly in cases where horses are born with abnormal bodyweight, premature or dysmature characteristics, or produced by assisted reproductive technologies, indicating an altered early life environment, could significantly affect their health and performance in adulthood.

Cite This Article

APA
Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. (2019). Physiological development of the equine fetus during late gestation. Equine Vet J, 52(2), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13206

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 52
Issue: 2
Pages: 165-173

Researcher Affiliations

Fowden, A L
  • Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Giussani, D A
  • Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Forhead, A J
  • Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Fetal Development
  • Fetus
  • Horses
  • Phenotype
  • Placenta
  • Pregnancy

Grant Funding

  • RG/06/006/22028 / British Heart Foundation
  • RG/11/16/29260 / British Heart Foundation
  • University of Cambridge

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
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