FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Parasitology research2014; 114(1); 71-83; doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-4161-9

Piroplasmosis in an endemic area: analysis of the risk factors and their implications in the control of Theileriosis and Babesiosis in horses.

Abstract: Theileria equi (Laveran 1901) and Babesia caballi (Nuttall and Strickland 1910) are the causative agents of Equine Piroplasmosis (EP), a severe and problematic disease compromising international movement of horses. Infected horses usually become asymptomatic carriers and, for this reason, their movement across borders may become restricted. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of EP in Southern France and to evaluate risk factors associated with these parasites. In 2002, we performed a complement fixation test (CF) with blood samples from 443 horses stabled at 95 different farms located in the region of Camargue. Two epidemiological questionnaires have been used: one for each single horse (individual and management factors) and one for each place where horses were sampled (environment, presence of other species, etc.) to identify risk factors for seropositivity. T. equi and B. caballi had a seroprevalence of 58 % and 12.9%, respectively. For T. equi, sex, age, activity, management, and living with or near cattle were identified as risk factors, while for B. caballi, only living in wetlands was recognized as a risk factor in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, the best model for T. equi included as variables age, breed, and deworming, while the best model for B. caballi included the type of housing during day and the contact with cows.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-10-04 PubMed ID: 25280516DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4161-9Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper examines the risk factors related to Equine Piroplasmosis, a severe disease affecting horses, focusing on the Southern France and determining the prevalence of this disease in the area. The key risk factors for the disease are identified with the intent of helping to control the spread of the ailment.

Objectives and Methodology

The study was instigated with the primary aim of gauging the prevalence of Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) in Southern France and determining the risk factors related to the disease. The disease is primarily caused by two parasites, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.

  • In the study, a Complement Fixation test was carried out on blood samples from 443 horses located across 95 different farms in the Camargue region.
  • Two different epidemiological questionnaires were used to gather data; one focused on individual factors and management of each horse, and the other concerned the environment and presence of other species where the horses were located.

Findings

The primary causes of Equine Piroplasmosis, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, registered a seroprevalence of 58% and 12.9% respectively.

  • For T. equi, the identified risk factors included: horse’s sex, age, activity, management, and proximity to cattle.
  • For B. caballi, living in a wetland was the single recognized risk factor in the bivariate analysis.

Multivariate Analysis

In the Multivariate Analysis section, each parasite has a different set of risk factors:

  • For T. equi, the significant variables identified included horse’s age, breed, and deworming practices.
  • The most effective model for B. caballi risk factors included the type of housing during the day and contact with cows.

Research Implication

This research is crucial for effectively managing and controlling the spread of Equine Piroplasmosis. By identifying the risk factors, strategies can be developed to minimize contact with these risks, reducing the rate of infection and facilitating the international movement of horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Guidi E, Pradier S, Lebert I, Leblond A. (2014). Piroplasmosis in an endemic area: analysis of the risk factors and their implications in the control of Theileriosis and Babesiosis in horses. Parasitol Res, 114(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4161-9

Publication

Parasitology research
ISSN: 1432-1955
NlmUniqueID: 8703571
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 114
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-83

Researcher Affiliations

Guidi, Eleonora
  • VetAgro-Sup, Equine Department, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France, eleonora.guidi@gmail.com.
Pradier, Sophie
    Lebert, Isabelle
      Leblond, Agnes

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Babesia / immunology
        • Babesia / isolation & purification
        • Babesiosis / epidemiology
        • Babesiosis / prevention & control
        • Breeding
        • Environment
        • Female
        • France / epidemiology
        • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
        • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
        • Horses
        • Male
        • Risk Factors
        • Seroepidemiologic Studies
        • Theileria / immunology
        • Theileria / isolation & purification
        • Theileriasis / epidemiology
        • Theileriasis / prevention & control
        • Wetlands

        References

        This article includes 72 references
        1. Alhassan A, Iseki H, Kim C, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of Theileria equi infection using whole blood compared with pre-extracted DNA samples as PCR templates.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2007 Jun;39(5):369-74.
          pubmed: 17944307doi: 10.1007/s11250-007-9025-1google scholar: lookup
        2. Dos Santos TM, Roier EC, Santos HA, Pires MS, Vilela JA, Moraes LM, Almeida FQ, Baldani CD, Machado RZ, Massard CL. Factors associated to Theileria equi in equids of two microregions from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011 Jul-Sep;20(3):235-41.
          pubmed: 21961755doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612011000300011google scholar: lookup
        3. Grandi G, Molinari G, Tittarelli M, Sassera D, Kramer LH. Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection in horses from northern Italy.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 Jul;11(7):955-6.
          pubmed: 21254835doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0193google scholar: lookup
        4. Rampersad J, Cesar E, Campbell MD, Samlal M, Ammons D. A field evaluation of PCR for the routine detection of Babesia equi in horses.. Vet Parasitol 2003 May 30;114(2):81-7.
          pubmed: 12781470doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00129-8google scholar: lookup
        5. Leblond A, Sandoz A, Lefebvre G, Zeller H, Bicout DJ. Remote sensing based identification of environmental risk factors associated with West Nile disease in horses in Camargue, France.. Prev Vet Med 2007 Apr 16;79(1):20-31.
          pubmed: 17175048doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.11.008google scholar: lookup
        6. Sigg L, Gerber V, Gottstein B, Doherr MG, Frey CF. Seroprevalence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in the Swiss horse population.. Parasitol Int 2010 Sep;59(3):313-7.
          pubmed: 20178863doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.02.005google scholar: lookup
        7. Kouam MK, Kantzoura V, Gajadhar AA, Theis JH, Papadopoulos E, Theodoropoulos G. Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms and host-related factors associated with infection in Greece.. Vet Parasitol 2010 May 11;169(3-4):273-8.
          pubmed: 20138434doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.011google scholar: lookup
        8. Fritz D. A PCR study of piroplasms in 166 dogs and 111 horses in France (March 2006 to March 2008).. Parasitol Res 2010 May;106(6):1339-42.
          pubmed: 20221639doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-1804-3google scholar: lookup
        9. Knowles D Jr. Equine babesiosis (piroplasmosis): a problem in the international movement of horses.. Br Vet J 1996 Mar;152(2):123-6.
          pubmed: 8680834doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80066-2google scholar: lookup
        10. Brüning A, Phipps P, Posnett E, Canning EU. Monoclonal antibodies against Babesia caballi and Babesia equi and their application in serodiagnosis.. Vet Parasitol 1997 Jan;68(1-2):11-26.
          pubmed: 9066047doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(96)01074-6google scholar: lookup
        11. Steinman A, Zimmerman T, Klement E, Lensky IM, Berlin D, Gottlieb Y, Baneth G. Demographic and environmental risk factors for infection by Theileria equi in 590 horses in Israel.. Vet Parasitol 2012 Jul 6;187(3-4):558-62.
          pubmed: 22293151doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.018google scholar: lookup
        12. García-Bocanegra I, Arenas-Montes A, Hernández E, Adaszek L, Carbonero A, Almería S, Jaén-Téllez JA, Gutiérrez-Palomino P, Arenas A. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infection in equids.. Vet J 2013 Feb;195(2):172-8.
          pubmed: 22784418doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.012google scholar: lookup
        13. Bakheit MA, Seitzer U, Mbati PA, Ahmed JS. Serological diagnostic tools for the major tick-borne protozoan diseases of livestock.. Parassitologia 2007 May;49 Suppl 1:53-62.
          pubmed: 17691608
        14. Acici M, Umur S, Guvenc T, Arslan HH, Kurt M. Seroprevalence of equine babesiosis in the Black Sea region of Turkey.. Parasitol Int 2008 Jun;57(2):198-200.
          pubmed: 18234550doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.009google scholar: lookup
        15. Rosales R, Rangel-Rivas A, Escalona A, Jordan LS, Gonzatti MI, Aso PM, Perrone T, Silva-Iturriza A, Mijares A. Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in Venezuelan horses using Competitive-Inhibition ELISA and PCR.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Sep 1;196(1-2):37-43.
          pubmed: 23582233doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.004google scholar: lookup
        16. Rodríguez Bautista JL, Ikadai H, You M, Battsetseg B, Igarashi I, Nagasawa H, Fujisaki K. Molecular evidence of Babesia caballi (Nuttall and Strickland, 1910) parasite transmission from experimentally-infected SCID mice to the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neuman, 1901).. Vet Parasitol 2001 Dec 13;102(3):185-91.
          pubmed: 11777598doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00531-3google scholar: lookup
        17. Chastagner A, Bailly X, Leblond A, Pradier S, Vourc'h G. Single genotype of Anaplasma phagocytophilum identified from ticks, Camargue, France.. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 May;19(5):825-7.
          pubmed: 23697386doi: 10.3201/eid1905.121003google scholar: lookup
        18. Ikadai H, Osorio CR, Xuan X, Igarashi I, Kanemaru T, Nagasawa H, Fujisaki K, Suzuki N, Mikami T. Detection of Babesia caballi infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant 48-kDa merozoite rhoptry protein.. Int J Parasitol 2000 Apr 24;30(5):633-5.
          pubmed: 10779577doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00008-4google scholar: lookup
        19. Grause JF, Ueti MW, Nelson JT, Knowles DP, Kappmeyer LS, Bunn TO. Efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate in eliminating Theileria equi from experimentally infected horses.. Vet J 2013 Jun;196(3):541-6.
          pubmed: 23199699doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.025google scholar: lookup
        20. Asgarali Z, Coombs DK, Mohammed F, Campbell MD, Caesar E. A serological study of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Thoroughbreds in Trinidad.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Mar 15;144(1-2):167-71.
          pubmed: 17118557doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.015google scholar: lookup
        21. Bahrami S, Ghadrdan AR, Mirabdollahi SM, Fayed MR. Diagnosis of subclinical equine theileriosis in center of Iran using parasitological and molecular methods.. Trop Biomed 2014 Mar;31(1):110-7.
          pubmed: 24862050
        22. Kirkham WW. The treatment of equine babesiosis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Jul 15;155(2):457-60.
          pubmed: 5816132
        23. Criado A, Martinez J, Buling A, Barba JC, Merino S, Jefferies R, Irwin PJ. New data on epizootiology and genetics of piroplasms based on sequences of small ribosomal subunit and cytochrome b genes.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Dec 20;142(3-4):238-47.
          pubmed: 16919391doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.004google scholar: lookup
        24. Peckle M, Pires MS, Dos Santos TM, Roier EC, da Silva CB, Vilela JA, Santos HA, Massard CL. Molecular epidemiology of Theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. Parasitol Res 2013 May;112(5):2017-25.
          pubmed: 23474658doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3360-0google scholar: lookup
        25. Vieira TS, Vieira RF, Finger MA, Nascimento DA, Sicupira PM, Dutra LH, Deconto I, Barros-Filho IR, Dornbusch PT, Biondo AW, Vidotto O. Seroepidemiological survey of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses from a rural and from urban areas of Paraná State, southern Brazil.. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013 Dec;4(6):537-41.
          pubmed: 24209493doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.07.005google scholar: lookup
        26. Porchet MJ, Sager H, Muggli L, Oppliger A, Müller N, Frey C, Gottstein B. [A descriptive epidemiological study on canine babesiosis in the Lake Geneva region].. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2007 Oct;149(10):457-65.
          pubmed: 17983018doi: 10.1024/0036-7281.149.10.457google scholar: lookup
        27. Friedhoff KT, Tenter AM, Müller I. Haemoparasites of equines: impact on international trade of horses.. Rev Sci Tech 1990 Dec;9(4):1187-94.
          pubmed: 2132711
        28. Butler CM, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Stout TA, van der Kolk JH, Wollenberg Lv, Nielen M, Jongejan F, Werners AH, Houwers DJ. Prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the South West of The Netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical Theileria equi infections.. Vet J 2012 Aug;193(2):381-5.
          pubmed: 22266019doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.014google scholar: lookup
        29. Ogunremi O, Halbert G, Mainar-Jaime R, Benjamin J, Pfister K, Lopez-Rebollar L, Georgiadis MP. Accuracy of an indirect fluorescent-antibody test and of a complement-fixation test for the diagnosis of Babesia caballi in field samples from horses.. Prev Vet Med 2008 Jan 1;83(1):41-51.
          pubmed: 17707933doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.06.009google scholar: lookup
        30. Karatepe B, Karatepe M, Cakmak A, Karaer Z, Ergün G. Investigation of seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Nigde province, Turkey.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009 Jan;41(1):109-13.
          pubmed: 19052908doi: 10.1007/s11250-008-9164-zgoogle scholar: lookup
        31. Camacho AT, Guitian FJ, Pallas E, Gestal JJ, Olmeda AS, Habela MA, Telford SR 3rd, Spielman A. Theileria (Babesia) equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Galicia, Spain.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2005 May;37(4):293-302.
          pubmed: 15934637doi: 10.1007/s11250-005-5691-zgoogle scholar: lookup
        32. Pfeifer Barbosa I, Böse R, Peymann B, Friedhoff KT. Epidemiological aspects of equine babesioses in a herd of horses in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 1995 May;58(1-2):1-8.
          pubmed: 7676590doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)00704-ggoogle scholar: lookup
        33. Moretti A, Mangili V, Salvatori R, Maresca C, Scoccia E, Torina A, Moretta I, Gabrielli S, Tampieri MP, Pietrobelli M. Prevalence and diagnosis of Babesia and Theileria infections in horses in Italy: a preliminary study.. Vet J 2010 Jun;184(3):346-50.
          pubmed: 19394253doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.021google scholar: lookup
        34. Battsetseg B, Xuan X, Ikadai H, Bautista JL, Byambaa B, Boldbaatar D, Battur B, Battsetseg G, Batsukh Z, Igarashi I, Nagasawa H, Mikami T, Fujisaki K. Detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in Dermacentor nuttalli adult ticks.. Int J Parasitol 2001 Apr;31(4):384-6.
          pubmed: 11306116doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00120-5google scholar: lookup
        35. Friedhoff KT. [Piroplasmas of horses--impact on the international horse trade].. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1982 Oct 1;95(19):368-74.
          pubmed: 6756387
        36. Uilenberg G. Babesia--a historical overview.. Vet Parasitol 2006 May 31;138(1-2):3-10.
          pubmed: 16513280doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.035google scholar: lookup
        37. Brooker S, Hay SI, Bundy DA. Tools from ecology: useful for evaluating infection risk models?. Trends Parasitol 2002 Feb;18(2):70-4.
          pubmed: 11832297doi: 10.1016/s1471-4922(01)02223-1google scholar: lookup
        38. Hall CM, Busch JD, Scoles GA, Palma-Cagle KA, Ueti MW, Kappmeyer LS, Wagner DM. Genetic characterization of Theileria equi infecting horses in North America: evidence for a limited source of U.S. introductions.. Parasit Vectors 2013 Feb 11;6:35.
          pubmed: 23399005doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-35google scholar: lookup
        39. Bashiruddin JB, Cammà C, Rebêlo E. Molecular detection of Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horse blood by PCR amplification of part of the 16S rRNA gene.. Vet Parasitol 1999 Jul;84(1-2):75-83.
          pubmed: 10435792doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00049-7google scholar: lookup
        40. Leblond A, Pradier S, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Boireau P, Chadoeuf J, Sabatier P. [An epidemiological survey of equine anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in southern France].. Rev Sci Tech 2005 Dec;24(3):899-908.
          pubmed: 16642760
        41. Schwint ON, Ueti MW, Palmer GH, Kappmeyer LS, Hines MT, Cordes RT, Knowles DP, Scoles GA. Imidocarb dipropionate clears persistent Babesia caballi infection with elimination of transmission potential.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009 Oct;53(10):4327-32.
          pubmed: 19620328doi: 10.1128/AAC.00404-09google scholar: lookup
        42. Rapoport A, Aharonson-Raz K, Berlin D, Tal S, Gottlieb Y, Klement E, Steinman A. Molecular characterization of the Babesia caballi rap-1 gene and epidemiological survey in horses in Israel.. Infect Genet Evol 2014 Apr;23:115-20.
          pubmed: 24524984doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.033google scholar: lookup
        43. Halos L, Bord S, Cotté V, Gasqui P, Abrial D, Barnouin J, Boulouis HJ, Vayssier-Taussat M, Vourc'h G. Ecological factors characterizing the prevalence of bacterial tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks in pastures and woodlands.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010 Jul;76(13):4413-20.
          pubmed: 20453131doi: 10.1128/AEM.00610-10google scholar: lookup
        44. Hirata H, Ikadai H, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Fujisaki K, Suzuki N, Mikami T, Igarashi I. Cloning of a truncated Babesia equi gene encoding an 82-kilodalton protein and its potential use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Apr;40(4):1470-4.
          pubmed: 11923375doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.4.1470-1474.2002google scholar: lookup
        45. Schein E, Rehbein G, Voigt WP, Zweygarth E. Babesia equi (Laveran 1901) 1. Development in horses and in lymphocyte culture.. Tropenmed Parasitol 1981 Dec;32(4):223-7.
          pubmed: 7345686
        46. Kouam MK, Masuoka PM, Kantzoura V, Theodoropoulos G. Geographic distribution modeling and spatial cluster analysis for equine piroplasms in Greece.. Infect Genet Evol 2010 Oct;10(7):1013-8.
          pubmed: 20601173doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.014google scholar: lookup
        47. Mehlhorn H, Schein E. Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998.. Parasitol Res 1998 Jun;84(6):467-75.
          pubmed: 9660136doi: 10.1007/s004360050431google scholar: lookup
        48. Knowles DP Jr. Control of Babesia equi parasitemia.. Parasitol Today 1996 May;12(5):195-8.
          pubmed: 15275213doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(96)10007-7google scholar: lookup
        49. Abutarbush SM, Alqawasmeh DM, Mukbel RM, Al-Majali AM. Equine babesiosis: seroprevalence, risk factors and comparison of different diagnostic methods in Jordan.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012 Feb;59(1):72-8.
          pubmed: 21771287doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01244.xgoogle scholar: lookup
        50. Rüegg SR, Torgerson P, Deplazes P, Mathis A. Age-dependent dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in southwest Mongolia based on IFAT and/or PCR prevalence data from domestic horses and ticks.. Parasitology 2007 Jul;134(Pt 7):939-47.
          pubmed: 17306055doi: 10.1017/S0031182007002405google scholar: lookup
        51. Thompson PH. Ticks as vectors of equine piroplasmosis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Jul 15;155(2):454-7.
          pubmed: 5816131
        52. Shkap V, Cohen I, Leibovitz B, Savitsky, Pipano E, Avni G, Shofer S, Giger U, Kappmeyer L, Knowles D. Seroprevalence of Babesia equi among horses in Israel using competitive inhibition ELISA and IFA assays.. Vet Parasitol 1998 Apr 30;76(4):251-9.
          pubmed: 9650862doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00228-8google scholar: lookup
        53. Sevinc F, Maden M, Kumas C, Sevinc M, Ekici OD. A comparative study on the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in horse sub-populations in Turkey.. Vet Parasitol 2008 Oct 1;156(3-4):173-7.
          pubmed: 18672330doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.006google scholar: lookup
        54. Adaszek L, Winiarczyk S. Molecular characterization of Babesia canis canis isolates from naturally infected dogs in Poland.. Vet Parasitol 2008 Apr 15;152(3-4):235-41.
          pubmed: 18243559doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.024google scholar: lookup
        55. Sréter T, Széll Z, Varga I. Spatial distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus in Hungary: evidence for change?. Vet Parasitol 2005 Mar 31;128(3-4):347-51.
          pubmed: 15740873doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.025google scholar: lookup
        56. Kappmeyer LS, Thiagarajan M, Herndon DR, Ramsay JD, Caler E, Djikeng A, Gillespie JJ, Lau AO, Roalson EH, Silva JC, Silva MG, Suarez CE, Ueti MW, Nene VM, Mealey RH, Knowles DP, Brayton KA. Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of Theileria equi.. BMC Genomics 2012 Nov 9;13:603.
          pubmed: 23137308doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-603google scholar: lookup
        57. Mehlhorn H, Shein E. The piroplasms: life cycle and sexual stages.. Adv Parasitol 1984;23:37-103.
          pubmed: 6442536doi: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60285-7google scholar: lookup
        58. Farkas R, Tánczos B, Gyurkovszky M, Földvári G, Solymosi N, Edelhofer R, Hornok S. Serological and molecular detection of Theileria equi infection in horses in Hungary.. Vet Parasitol 2013 Feb 18;192(1-3):143-8.
          pubmed: 23099089doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.035google scholar: lookup
        59. Seo MG, Yun SH, Choi SK, Cho GJ, Park YS, Kwon OD, Cho KH, Kim TH, Jeong KS, Park SJ, Kwon YS, Kwak D. Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms in the Republic of Korea.. Vet Parasitol 2011 Jun 30;179(1-3):224-6.
          pubmed: 21429670doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.020google scholar: lookup
        60. Mujica FF, Perrone T, Forlano M, Coronado A, Meléndez RD, Barrios N, Alvarez R, Granda F. Serological prevalence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in horses of Lara State, Venezuela.. Vet Parasitol 2011 May 31;178(1-2):180-3.
          pubmed: 21273001doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.036google scholar: lookup
        61. Munkhjargal T, Sivakumar T, Battsetseg B, Nyamjargal T, Aboulaila M, Purevtseren B, Bayarsaikhan D, Byambaa B, Terkawi MA, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Prevalence and genetic diversity of equine piroplasms in Tov province, Mongolia.. Infect Genet Evol 2013 Jun;16:178-85.
          pubmed: 23416256doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.005google scholar: lookup
        62. de Waal DT, van Heerden J, Potgieter FT. An investigation into the clinical pathological changes and serological response in horses experimentally infected with Babesia equi and Babesia caballi.. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1987 Dec;54(4):561-8.
          pubmed: 3444610
        63. Nagore D, García-Sanmartín J, García-Pérez AL, Juste RA, Hurtado A. Detection and identification of equine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blotting: epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis.. Vet Parasitol 2004 Aug 13;123(1-2):41-54.
          pubmed: 15265570doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.04.010google scholar: lookup
        64. de Waal DT. Equine piroplasmosis: a review.. Br Vet J 1992 Jan-Feb;148(1):6-14.
          pubmed: 1551016doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5google scholar: lookup
        65. Potgieter FT, de Waal DT, Posnett ES. Transmission and diagnosis of equine babesiosis in South Africa.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1992;87 Suppl 3:139-42.
          pubmed: 1343683doi: 10.1590/s0074-02761992000700021google scholar: lookup
        66. Carpenter TE. Methods to investigate spatial and temporal clustering in veterinary epidemiology.. Prev Vet Med 2001 Mar 29;48(4):303-20.
          pubmed: 11259822doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00199-9google scholar: lookup
        67. Heim A, Passos LM, Ribeiro MF, Costa-Júnior LM, Bastos CV, Cabral DD, Hirzmann J, Pfister K. Detection and molecular characterization of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi isolates from endemic areas of Brazil.. Parasitol Res 2007 Dec;102(1):63-8.
          pubmed: 17828553doi: 10.1007/s00436-007-0726-1google scholar: lookup
        68. Friedhoff KT, Soulé C. An account on equine babesioses.. Rev Sci Tech 1996 Sep;15(3):1191-201.
          pubmed: 9025154doi: 10.20506/rst.15.3.972google scholar: lookup
        69. Léger E, Vourc'h G, Vial L, Chevillon C, McCoy KD. Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences.. Exp Appl Acarol 2013 Feb;59(1-2):219-44.
          pubmed: 23015121doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9615-0google scholar: lookup
        70. Heuchert CM, de Giulli V Jr, de Athaide DF, Böse R, Friedhoff KT. Seroepidemiologic studies on Babesia equi and Babesia caballi infections in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 1999 Aug 16;85(1):1-11.
          pubmed: 10447188doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00108-9google scholar: lookup
        71. Ribeiro AJ, Cardoso L, Maia JM, Coutinho T, Cotovio M. Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal.. Parasitol Res 2013 Jul;112(7):2611-7.
          pubmed: 23591484doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3429-9google scholar: lookup
        72. Ogunremi O, Georgiadis MP, Halbert G, Benjamin J, Pfister K, Lopez-Rebollar L. Validation of the indirect fluorescent antibody and the complement fixation tests for the diagnosis of Theileria equi.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Sep 1;148(2):102-8.
          pubmed: 17630216doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.006google scholar: lookup

        Citations

        This article has been cited 21 times.
        1. Yang G, Zhou B, Chen K, Hu Z, Guo W, Wang X, Du C. Diagnostic Performance of Competitive ELISA and Western Blot Methods for the Detection of Antibodies against Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Microorganisms 2022 Dec 21;11(1).
          doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11010021pubmed: 36677312google scholar: lookup
        2. Giubega S, Ilie MS, Luca I, Florea T, Dreghiciu C, Oprescu I, Morariu S, Dărăbuș G. Seroprevalence of Anti-Theileria equi Antibodies in Horses from Three Geographically Distinct Areas of Romania. Pathogens 2022 Jun 9;11(6).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens11060669pubmed: 35745523google scholar: lookup
        3. Lv K, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Deng L. Development of Nested PCR and Duplex Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:873190.
          doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.873190pubmed: 35664851google scholar: lookup
        4. Villa L, Gazzonis AL, Allievi C, De Maria C, Persichetti MF, Caracappa G, Zanzani SA, Manfredi MT. Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne Infections in Horses from Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 12;12(8).
          doi: 10.3390/ani12080999pubmed: 35454246google scholar: lookup
        5. Bravo-Barriga D, Serrano-Aguilera FJ, Barrasa-Rita R, Habela MÁ, Chacón RB, Ezquerra LJ, Martín-Cuervo M. Effects of Competitive ELISA-Positive Results of Piroplasmosis on the Performance of Endurance Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 3;12(5).
          doi: 10.3390/ani12050637pubmed: 35268210google scholar: lookup
        6. Nadal C, Marsot M, Le Metayer G, Boireau P, Guillot J, Bonnet SI. Spatial and Temporal Circulation of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in France Based on Seven Years of Serological Data. Pathogens 2022 Feb 9;11(2).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020227pubmed: 35215171google scholar: lookup
        7. Onyiche TE, Igwenagu E, Malgwi SA, Omeh IJ, Biu AA, Thekisoe O. Hematology and biochemical values in equines naturally infected with Theileria equi in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022 Feb 14;54(2):103.
          doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03095-wpubmed: 35157179google scholar: lookup
        8. Rocafort-Ferrer G, Leblond A, Joulié A, René-Martellet M, Sandoz A, Poux V, Pradier S, Barry S, Vial L, Legrand L. Molecular assessment of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi prevalence in horses and ticks on horses in southeastern France. Parasitol Res 2022 Mar;121(3):999-1008.
          doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07441-7pubmed: 35128585google scholar: lookup
        9. Torres R, Hurtado C, Pérez-Macchi S, Bittencourt P, Freschi C, de Mello VVC, Machado RZ, André MR, Müller A. Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Chilean Thoroughbred Racing Horses. Pathogens 2021 Jun 7;10(6).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060714pubmed: 34200433google scholar: lookup
        10. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Steinman A. Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny. Pathogens 2020 Nov 8;9(11).
          doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110926pubmed: 33171698google scholar: lookup
        11. Onyiche TE, Taioe MO, Molefe NI, Biu AA, Luka J, Omeh IJ, Yokoyama N, Thekisoe O. Equine piroplasmosis: an insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology 2020 Nov;147(13):1411-1424.
          doi: 10.1017/S0031182020001407pubmed: 32741382google scholar: lookup
        12. Zając Z, Bartosik K, Kulisz J, Woźniak A. Ability of Adult Dermacentor reticulatus Ticks to Overwinter in the Temperate Climate Zone. Biology (Basel) 2020 Jun 29;9(7).
          doi: 10.3390/biology9070145pubmed: 32610619google scholar: lookup
        13. Onyiche TE, Taioe MO, Ogo NI, Sivakumar T, Biu AA, Mbaya AW, Xuan X, Yokoyama N, Thekisoe O. Molecular evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in equines and ticks in Nigeria: prevalence and risk factors analysis. Parasitology 2020 Sep;147(11):1238-1248.
          doi: 10.1017/S0031182020000992pubmed: 32605687google scholar: lookup
        14. Aziz KJ, Al-Barwary LTO. Epidemiological Study of Equine Piroplasmosis (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi) by Microscopic Examination and Competitive-ELISA in Erbil Province North-Iraq. Iran J Parasitol 2019 Jul-Sep;14(3):404-412.
          pubmed: 31673258
        15. Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 May 16;16(10).
          doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101736pubmed: 31100920google scholar: lookup
        16. Santodomingo A, Sierra-Orozco K, Cotes-Perdomo A, Castro LR. Molecular detection of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma platys and Theileria equi in ticks collected from horses in Tayrona National Park, Colombia. Exp Appl Acarol 2019 Mar;77(3):411-423.
          doi: 10.1007/s10493-019-00354-8pubmed: 30923988google scholar: lookup
        17. Montes Cortés MG, Fernández-García JL, Habela Martínez-Estéllez MÁ. Seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Spain. Parasite 2017;24:14.
          doi: 10.1051/parasite/2017015pubmed: 28497743google scholar: lookup
        18. Földvári G, Široký P, Szekeres S, Majoros G, Sprong H. Dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise. Parasit Vectors 2016 Jun 1;9(1):314.
          doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1599-xpubmed: 27251148google scholar: lookup
        19. Li J, Kelly P, Zhang J, Xu C, Wang C. Development of a pan-Babesia FRET-qPCR and a survey of livestock from five Caribbean islands. BMC Vet Res 2015 Sep 30;11:246.
          doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0560-0pubmed: 26423577google scholar: lookup
        20. Duaso J, Perez-Ecija A, Navarro A, Martínez E, De Las Heras A, Mendoza FJ. True Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Piroplasmosis in Horses in Southwestern Europe. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jul 11;15(14).
          doi: 10.3390/ani15142047pubmed: 40723509google scholar: lookup
        21. Fernandes TA, Paulino PG, Dos Santos Juliano D, Rabello CA, de Oliveira NVB, de Souza Santana M, Peckle M, Massard CL, da Costa Angelo I, Jacob JCF, Santos HA. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in draft horses in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2025 Feb 19;57(2):72.
          doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04321-xpubmed: 39969660google scholar: lookup
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.