FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(23); 3315; doi: 10.3390/ani12233315

Plasma Amino Acids in Horses Suffering from Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction.

Abstract: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is one of the most common diseases of aged horses and ponies. In Parkinson's disease, which is, similar to PPID, a disease that involves oxidative damage to dopaminergic pathways but with different clinical signs, alterations to the serum amino acid profile have been reported. To examine changes in the plasma amino acid profile in horses with PPID, EDTA plasma of horses that were presented for various reasons that required laboratory examinations of blood anticoagulated with EDTA was collected. With this plasma, the basal ACTH concentration as well as the amino acid profile was determined. Horses were considered PPID patients if the ACTH concentration was ≥ 100 pg/mL, i.e., they would be considered affected at any time. Horses were defined as non-PPID (nPPID) patients if the ACTH concentration was below 30 pg/mL. Horses receiving pergolide with ACTH ≤ 30 pg/mL were allocated to the group PPIDrr (PPID, ACTH in reference range) and horses receiving pergolide with ACTH ≥ 100 pg/mL to the group PPIDarr (PPID, ACTH above reference range). In total, 93 horses were examined, including 88 horses at the clinic and 5 horses at a private practice. Of these, 53 horses fulfilled the inclusion criteria (ACTH ≤ 30 pg/mL or ACTH ≥ 100 pg/mL). A total of 25 horses were diagnosed as nPPID, 20 as PPID, 5 as PPIDrr, and 3 as PPIDarr. Arginine was significantly higher in PPIDrr than in PPID and nPPID, asparagine was significantly higher in PPID, PPIDrr, and PPIDarr than in nPPID, citrulline was significantly higher in PPIDrr than in nPPID and PPID, cysteine was significantly lower in PPIDrr than in PPID, nPPID, and PPIDarr, and glutamine was significantly higher in PPID and PPIDarr than in nPPID. Especially, asparagine, citrulline, and glutamine may be potential diagnostic markers and may offer interesting approaches for research regarding amino supplementation in PPID.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-11-27 PubMed ID: 36496836PubMed Central: PMC9737035DOI: 10.3390/ani12233315Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the changes in plasma amino acid profiles of horses suffering from Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID), a common disease amongst aged horses. It indicates that amino acids like asparagine, citrulline, and glutamine could potentially serve as diagnostic markers for the disease.

Overview and Objective of the Study

  • The goal of this study was to identify any alterations in the plasma amino acid profiles of horses impacted by Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction, a major disease plaguing the equine old-age population.
  • The researchers hypothesized that certain amino acids could be indicative of the presence of PPID in horses, providing crucial insights for diagnosis and dietary supplementation.

Methodology

  • Plasma samples were collected from horses that required blood tests for various reasons.
  • The blood was anticoagulated with EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid) and used to measure the basal ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) concentration and the amino acid profile.
  • Horses with an ACTH concentration of 100 pg/mL or above were considered as PPID patients while horses with an ACTH concentration below 30 pg/mL were deemed non-PPID patients.
  • Horses under the medication pergolide were further grouped into two – PPIDrr (ACTH within reference range) and PPIDarr (ACTH above reference range).
  • A total of 93 horses were examined, out of which 53 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for ACTH concentration, representing different disease and treatment statuses.

Results and Findings

  • Arginine was found to be significantly higher in medicated horses with PPID within the reference range of ACTH levels.
  • Asparagine was significantly higher in all PPID groups than the non-PPID group.
  • Citrulline was significantly higher in medicated horses with PPID within the normal ACTH range compared to the non-PPID and PPID groups.
  • Cysteine was significantly lower in the medicated horses with PPID with normal ACTH levels compared to all other groups.
  • Glutamine was significantly higher in the PPID and high ACTH PPID medicated group than in non-PPID.

Implications of the Study

  • The changes in levels of specific amino acids in horses with PPID indicate that these could serve as potential diagnostic markers for the disease.
  • Particularly, asparagine, citrulline, and glutamine may not only aid in diagnosis but also open up avenues for further research regarding amino supplementation as a potential therapeutic approach for PPID.

Cite This Article

APA
Stoeckle SD, Timmermann D, Merle R, Gehlen H. (2022). Plasma Amino Acids in Horses Suffering from Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Animals (Basel), 12(23), 3315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233315

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 23
PII: 3315

Researcher Affiliations

Stoeckle, Sabita Diana
  • Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Timmermann, Detlef
  • MembraPure GmbH, 16761 Hennigsdorf, Germany.
Merle, Roswitha
  • Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Gehlen, Heidrun
  • Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 69 references
  1. Brosnahan MM, Paradis MR. Assessment of clinical characteristics, management practices, and activities of geriatric horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Jul 1;223(1):99-103.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.99pubmed: 12839072google scholar: lookup
  2. McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJ, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, McGowan CM. A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 2: Clinical signs and owners' perceptions of health and welfare.. Aust Vet J 2010 Dec;88(12):465-71.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00638.xpubmed: 21091457google scholar: lookup
  3. Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL. Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases.. Equine Vet J 2012 Jan;44(1):101-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00361.xpubmed: 21668494google scholar: lookup
  4. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC, van Garderen E, Wensing T, Breukink HJ. Equine pituitary neoplasia: a clinical report of 21 cases (1990-1992).. Vet Rec 1993 Dec 11;133(24):594-7.
    pubmed: 8116170
  5. Couëtil L, Paradis MR, Knoll J. Plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration in healthy horses and in horses with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism.. J Vet Intern Med 1996 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02016.xpubmed: 8965262google scholar: lookup
  6. Hillyer M, Taylor F, Mair T, Murphy D, Watson T, Love S. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 1992;4:131–134.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1992.tb01595.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Hart K.A, Goff J.P, McFarlane D, Breuhaus B, Frank N, De Laat M.A, McGowan C.M, Toribio R.E, Bauman D.E, Collier R.J. Endocrine and Metabolic Disease. In: Smith B.P., van Metre D.C., Pusterla N., editors. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier LTD; Oxford, UK: 2019.
  8. Orth DN, Holscher MA, Wilson MG, Nicholson WE, Plue RE, Mount CD. Equine Cushing's disease: plasma immunoreactive proopiolipomelanocortin peptide and cortisol levels basally and in response to diagnostic tests.. Endocrinology 1982 Apr;110(4):1430-41.
    doi: 10.1210/endo-110-4-1430pubmed: 6277607google scholar: lookup
  9. Horowitz M, Neal L, Watson J. Characteristics of plasma adrenocorticotropin, β-endorphin and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone as diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in the horse. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2003;17:386.
  10. McFarlane D, Breshears M.A, Cordero M, Hill K, Carmichael R, Maxwell L.K. Comparison of plasma ACTH concentration, plasma α-MSH concentration, and overnight dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis of PPID. Proc. ACVIM 2012;30:253.
  11. Arlt W, Stewart PM. Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis, metabolism, and action.. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2005 Jun;34(2):293-313, viii.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.002pubmed: 15850843google scholar: lookup
  12. Tiley HA, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of dexamethasone on glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in healthy horses.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Jul;68(7):753-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.753pubmed: 17605611google scholar: lookup
  13. Haffner JC, Eiler H, Hoffman RM, Fecteau KA, Oliver JW. Effect of a single dose of dexamethasone on glucose homeostasis in healthy horses by using the combined intravenous glucose and insulin test.. J Anim Sci 2009 Jan;87(1):131-5.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1179pubmed: 18820160google scholar: lookup
  14. Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Karges TL, Benedict LE, Annandale EJ, Seaquist ER. Serum creatine kinase response to exercise during dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in Quarter Horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Oct;66(10):1718-23.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1718pubmed: 16273902google scholar: lookup
  15. Cartmill JA, Thompson DL Jr, Storer WA, Crowley JC, Huff NK, Waller CA. Effect of dexamethasone, feeding time, and insulin infusion on leptin concentrations in stallions.. J Anim Sci 2005 Aug;83(8):1875-81.
    doi: 10.2527/2005.8381875xpubmed: 16024707google scholar: lookup
  16. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Habershon-Butcher JL, Crawford C, Berhane Y, Boston RC, Elliott J. Effect of dietary fructans and dexamethasone administration on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007 Nov 1;231(9):1365-73.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.231.9.1365pubmed: 17975996google scholar: lookup
  17. Tiley HA, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of dexamethasone administration on insulin resistance and components of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in equine skeletal muscle.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):51-8.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.51pubmed: 18167087google scholar: lookup
  18. Sandow C, Fugler LA, Leise B, Riggs L, Monroe WT, Totaro N, Belknap J, Eades S. Ex vivo effects of insulin on the structural integrity of equine digital lamellae.. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):131-135.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12964pubmed: 29758109google scholar: lookup
  19. de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Kyaw-Tanner MT, McGowan CM, Sillence MN. A potential role for lamellar insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):302-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.026pubmed: 23394844google scholar: lookup
  20. Lane HE, Burns TA, Hegedus OC, Watts MR, Weber PS, Woltman KA, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Eades SC, Mathes LE, Belknap JK. Lamellar events related to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signalling in two models relevant to endocrinopathic laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2017 Sep;49(5):643-654.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12663pubmed: 28078757google scholar: lookup
  21. Stokes SM, Stefanovski D, Bertin FR, Medina-Torres CE, Belknap JK, van Eps AW. Plasma amino acid concentrations during experimental hyperinsulinemia in 2 laminitis models.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 May;35(3):1589-1596.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16095pmc: PMC8163125pubmed: 33704816google scholar: lookup
  22. Fukagawa NK, Minaker KL, Young VR, Rowe JW. Insulin dose-dependent reductions in plasma amino acids in man.. Am J Physiol 1986 Jan;250(1 Pt 1):E13-7.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.1.E13pubmed: 3510558google scholar: lookup
  23. Urschel KL, Escobar J, McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ. Insulin infusion stimulates whole-body protein synthesis and activates the upstream and downstream effectors of mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in the gluteus medius muscle of mature horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014 Apr;47:92-100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.11.002pubmed: 24315755google scholar: lookup
  24. Hillier TA, Fryburg DA, Jahn LA, Barrett EJ. Extreme hyperinsulinemia unmasks insulin's effect to stimulate protein synthesis in the human forearm.. Am J Physiol 1998 Jun;274(6):E1067-74.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.6.E1067pubmed: 9611157google scholar: lookup
  25. Timmerman KL, Lee JL, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Glynn EL, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Insulin stimulates human skeletal muscle protein synthesis via an indirect mechanism involving endothelial-dependent vasodilation and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 Aug;95(8):3848-57.
    doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2696pmc: PMC2913031pubmed: 20484484google scholar: lookup
  26. Tuvdendorj D, Børsheim E, Sharp CP, Zhang X, Barone CM, Chinkes DL, Wolfe RR. Amino Acid Availability Regulates the Effect of Hyperinsulinemia on Skin Protein Metabolism in Pigs.. J Biol Chem 2015 Jul 17;290(29):17776-17783.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.636100pmc: PMC4505026pubmed: 26032410google scholar: lookup
  27. McFarlane D. Advantages and limitations of the equine disease, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction as a model of spontaneous dopaminergic neurodegenerative disease.. Ageing Res Rev 2007 May;6(1):54-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.02.001pubmed: 17374512google scholar: lookup
  28. Figura M, Kuśmierska K, Bucior E, Szlufik S, Koziorowski D, Jamrozik Z, Janik P. Serum amino acid profile in patients with Parkinson's disease.. PLoS One 2018;13(1):e0191670.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191670pmc: PMC5788376pubmed: 29377959google scholar: lookup
  29. Naushad SM, Jain JM, Prasad CK, Naik U, Akella RR. Autistic children exhibit distinct plasma amino acid profile.. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2013 Oct;50(5):474-8.
    pubmed: 24772971
  30. Bala KA, Doğan M, Mutluer T, Kaba S, Aslan O, Balahoroğlu R, Çokluk E, Üstyol L, Kocaman S. Plasma amino acid profile in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016 Mar;20(5):923-9.
    pubmed: 27010152
  31. Rees CA, Rostad CA, Mantus G, Anderson EJ, Chahroudi A, Jaggi P, Wrammert J, Ochoa JB, Ochoa A, Basu RK, Heilman S, Harris F, Lapp SA, Hussaini L, Vos MB, Brown LA, Morris CR. Altered amino acid profile in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021 Jun 22;118(25).
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2101708118pmc: PMC8237604pubmed: 34088793google scholar: lookup
  32. Lai HS, Lee JC, Lee PH, Wang ST, Chen WJ. Plasma free amino acid profile in cancer patients.. Semin Cancer Biol 2005 Aug;15(4):267-76.
    doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.04.003pubmed: 15894488google scholar: lookup
  33. Proenza AM, Oliver J, Palou A, Roca P. Breast and lung cancer are associated with a decrease in blood cell amino acid content.. J Nutr Biochem 2003 Mar;14(3):133-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00225-5pubmed: 12742540google scholar: lookup
  34. Rossi Fanelli F, Cangiano C, Muscaritoli M, Conversano L, Torelli GF, Cascino A. Tumor-induced changes in host metabolism: a possible marker of neoplastic disease.. Nutrition 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5 Suppl):595-600.
    pubmed: 8748231
  35. Kawamura I, Moldawer LL, Keenan RA, Batist G, Bothe A Jr, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Altered amino acid kinetics in rats with progressive tumor growth.. Cancer Res 1982 Mar;42(3):824-9.
    pubmed: 7059980
  36. Pisters PW, Pearlstone DB. Protein and amino acid metabolism in cancer cachexia: investigative techniques and therapeutic interventions.. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1993;30(3):223-72.
    pubmed: 8260072doi: 10.3109/10408369309084669google scholar: lookup
  37. Heslin MJ, Newman E, Wolf RF, Pisters PW, Brennan MF. Effect of systemic hyperinsulinemia in cancer patients.. Cancer Res 1992 Jul 15;52(14):3845-50.
    pubmed: 1617658
  38. Kenéz Á, Warnken T, Feige K, Huber K. Lower plasma trans-4-hydroxyproline and methionine sulfoxide levels are associated with insulin dysregulation in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2018 May 2;14(1):146.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1479-zpmc: PMC5930486pubmed: 29716602google scholar: lookup
  39. Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Huber K, Jung K, Warnken T. Metabolic changes induced by oral glucose tests in horses and their diagnostic use.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):597-605.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15992pmc: PMC7848347pubmed: 33277752google scholar: lookup
  40. Chandler K.J, Mellor D.J. A pilot study of the prevalence of disease within a geriatric horse population. Proceedings of the 40th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association; Harrogate, UK. 12–15 September 2001; p. 217.
  41. McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):74-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.xpubmed: 22594955google scholar: lookup
  42. Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Pinchbeck GL. A cross-sectional study of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Part 2: Health care and disease.. Equine Vet J 2011 Jan;43(1):37-44.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00142.xpubmed: 21143632google scholar: lookup
  43. Ireland JL, McGowan CM, Clegg PD, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL. A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older.. Vet J 2012 Apr;192(1):57-64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.021pubmed: 21550271google scholar: lookup
  44. Paradis MR. Demographics of health and disease in the geriatric horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Dec;18(3):391-401.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00021-4pubmed: 12516924google scholar: lookup
  45. Frank N, Andrews FM, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, Rohrbach BW, Donnell RL. Evaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression/ thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for detection of pars intermedia pituitary adenomas in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2006 Jul-Aug;20(4):987-93.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01816.xpubmed: 16955827google scholar: lookup
  46. Hart K, Durham A, Frank N, McGowan C, Schott H, Stewart A. The Equine Endocrinology Group (EEG) Pituitary Pars intermedia (PPID) 2021. [(accessed on 24 November 2022)]. Available online: https://sites.tufts.edu/equineendogroup/files/2021/12/2021-PPID-Recommendations-V11-wo-insert.pdf.
  47. Oklu R, Deipolyi AR, Wicky S, Ergul E, Deik AA, Chen JW, Hirsch JA, Wojtkiewicz GR, Clish CB. Identification of small compound biomarkers of pituitary adenoma: a bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling study.. J Neurointerv Surg 2014 Sep;6(7):541-6.
    doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010821pubmed: 24005126google scholar: lookup
  48. De Vries J.L. Mechanism of Intestinal and Skeletal Muscle Glucose and Amino Acid Uptake in Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI, USA: 2015. Repository number 1339317990.
  49. Krebs HA. Metabolism of amino-acids: The synthesis of glutamine from glutamic acid and ammonia, and the enzymic hydrolysis of glutamine in animal tissues.. Biochem J 1935 Aug;29(8):1951-69.
    doi: 10.1042/bj0291951pmc: PMC1266709pubmed: 16745865google scholar: lookup
  50. MacLennan PA, Smith K, Weryk B, Watt PW, Rennie MJ. Inhibition of protein breakdown by glutamine in perfused rat skeletal muscle.. FEBS Lett 1988 Sep 12;237(1-2):133-6.
    doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80186-8pubmed: 3169234google scholar: lookup
  51. MacLennan PA, Brown RA, Rennie MJ. A positive relationship between protein synthetic rate and intracellular glutamine concentration in perfused rat skeletal muscle.. FEBS Lett 1987 May 4;215(1):187-91.
    doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80139-4pubmed: 2883028google scholar: lookup
  52. Souba WW. Glutamine: a key substrate for the splanchnic bed.. Annu Rev Nutr 1991;11:285-308.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.11.070191.001441pubmed: 1892702google scholar: lookup
  53. Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid?. Nutr Rev 1990 Aug;48(8):297-309.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02967.xpubmed: 2080048google scholar: lookup
  54. Crenn P, Messing B, Cynober L. Citrulline as a biomarker of intestinal failure due to enterocyte mass reduction.. Clin Nutr 2008 Jun;27(3):328-39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.02.005pubmed: 18440672google scholar: lookup
  55. Crenn P, Cynober L. Effect of intestinal resections on arginine metabolism: practical implications for nutrition support.. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010 Jan;13(1):65-9.
    doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333c1a8pubmed: 19915459google scholar: lookup
  56. Curis E, Nicolis I, Moinard C, Osowska S, Zerrouk N, Bénazeth S, Cynober L. Almost all about citrulline in mammals.. Amino Acids 2005 Nov;29(3):177-205.
    doi: 10.1007/s00726-005-0235-4pubmed: 16082501google scholar: lookup
  57. Moinard C, Cynober L. Citrulline: a new player in the control of nitrogen homeostasis.. J Nutr 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 2):1621S-1625S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/137.6.1621Spubmed: 17513438google scholar: lookup
  58. Dias RG, Negrão CE, Krieger MH. Nitric oxide and the cardiovascular system: cell activation, vascular reactivity and genetic variant.. Arq Bras Cardiol 2011 Jan;96(1):68-75.
    pubmed: 21308339
  59. Tousoulis D, Kampoli AM, Tentolouris C, Papageorgiou N, Stefanadis C. The role of nitric oxide on endothelial function.. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012 Jan;10(1):4-18.
    doi: 10.2174/157016112798829760pubmed: 22112350google scholar: lookup
  60. Ardigo D, Stüehlinger M, Franzini L, Valtueña S, Piatti PM, Pachinger O, Reaven GM, Zavaroni I. ADMA is independently related to flow-mediated vasodilation in subjects at low cardiovascular risk.. Eur J Clin Invest 2007 Apr;37(4):263-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01781.xpubmed: 17373961google scholar: lookup
  61. Lau T, Owen W, Yu YM, Noviski N, Lyons J, Zurakowski D, Tsay R, Ajami A, Young VR, Castillo L. Arginine, citrulline, and nitric oxide metabolism in end-stage renal disease patients.. J Clin Invest 2000 May;105(9):1217-25.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI7199pmc: PMC315437pubmed: 10791996google scholar: lookup
  62. Wu G. Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.. J Nutr 1998 Aug;128(8):1249-52.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/128.8.1249pubmed: 9687539google scholar: lookup
  63. Romero MJ, Platt DH, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Therapeutic use of citrulline in cardiovascular disease.. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2006 Fall-Winter;24(3-4):275-90.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00275.xpubmed: 17214603google scholar: lookup
  64. Jackson A.L. Plasma Citrulline Levels in Horses at Risk of Acute Laminitis. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University; College Station, TX, USA: 2013.
  65. Karikoski NP, Horn I, McGowan TW, McGowan CM. The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011 Oct;41(3):111-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.05.004pubmed: 21696910google scholar: lookup
  66. Marino SM, Gladyshev VN. Cysteine function governs its conservation and degeneration and restricts its utilization on protein surfaces.. J Mol Biol 2010 Dec 17;404(5):902-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.027pmc: PMC3061813pubmed: 20950627google scholar: lookup
  67. Wu H, Ma BG, Zhao JT, Zhang HY. How similar are amino acid mutations in human genetic diseases and evolution.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007 Oct 19;362(2):233-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.141pubmed: 17681277google scholar: lookup
  68. Fomenko DE, Xing W, Adair BM, Thomas DJ, Gladyshev VN. High-throughput identification of catalytic redox-active cysteine residues.. Science 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):387-9.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1133114pubmed: 17234949google scholar: lookup
  69. Sei C, Toneff T, Aaron W, Hook VY. Regulation of ACTH levels in anterior pituitary cells during stimulated secretion: evidence for aspartyl and cysteine proteases in the cellular metabolism of ACTH.. Peptides 2003 May;24(5):717-25.
    doi: 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00126-8pubmed: 12895658google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Stoeckle SD, Timmermann D, Merle R, Gehlen H. Plasma Amino Acid Concentration in Obese Horses with/without Insulin Dysregulation and Laminitis. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 18;12(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12243580pubmed: 36552500google scholar: lookup
  2. Reemtsma FP, Giers J, Horstmann S, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H. Concentration Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Their Metabolites in Eventing Horses During Cross-Country Competitions. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 22;15(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15131840pubmed: 40646739google scholar: lookup
  3. Hisaeda K, Ono T, Kadekaru S, Hata A, Miyama TS, Kutara K, Sugimoto K, Hiasa Y, Ohzawa E, Kunieda T, Iwata E, Kitagawa H. Serum amino acid profiles in clinically normal Noma horses. J Equine Sci 2024;35(2):29-34.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.35.29pubmed: 38962514google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.