FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: a comparative sy...
BMC veterinary research2015; 11; 98; doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0403-z

Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: a comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions.

Abstract: This systematic review aimed to present and critically appraise the available information on the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in equine and human orthopedic therapeutics and to verify the influence of study design and methodology on the assumption of PRP's efficacy. We searched Medline, PubMed, Embase, Bireme and Google Scholar without restrictions until July 2013. Randomized trials, human cohort clinical studies or case series with a control group on the use of PRP in tendons, ligaments or articular lesions were included. Equine clinical studies on the same topics were included independently of their design. Experimental studies relevant to the clarification of PRP's effects and mechanisms of action in tissues of interest, conducted in any animal species, were selected. Results: This review included 123 studies. PRP's beneficial effects were observed in 46.7% of the clinical studies, while the absence of positive effects was observed in 43.3%. Among experimental studies, 73% yielded positive results, and 7.9% yielded negative results. The most frequent flaws in the clinical trials' designs were the lack of a true placebo group, poor product characterization, insufficient blinding, small sampling, short follow-up periods, and adoption of poor outcome measures. The methods employed for PRP preparation and administration and the selected outcome measures varied greatly. Poor study design was a common feature of equine clinical trials. From studies in which PRP had beneficial effects, 67.8% had an overall high risk of bias. From the studies in which PRP failed to exhibit beneficial effects, 67.8% had an overall low risk of bias. Conclusions: Most experimental studies revealed positive effects of PRP. Although the majority of equine clinical studies yielded positive results, the human clinical trials' results failed to corroborate these findings. In both species, beneficial results were more frequently observed in studies with a high risk of bias. The use of PRP in musculoskeletal lesions, although safe and promising, has still not shown strong evidence in clinical scenarios.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-04-22 PubMed ID: 25896610PubMed Central: PMC4449579DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0403-zGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Systematic Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research systematically reviews the effectiveness of using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in treating musculoskeletal injuries in humans and horses, noting the potential bias in studies and the challenges in comparing the varying methodologies and outcomes.

Objective of the Study

  • The study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of PRP therapy in the treatment of orthopedic injuries in humans and equines (horses) through a systematic review of existing clinical and experimental studies.

Methodology and Results

  • For data collection, several academic databases were consulted, with the inclusion criteria specifying randomized trials, human cohort clinical studies, or case series with a control group involving PRP use in tendons, ligaments, or joint lesions. Equine studies on the same themes were included independent of their design.
  • Experimental studies that clarified PRP’s effects and mechanisms of action in tissues of relevance were included, regardless of the animal species studied.
  • A total of 123 studies were analyzed in the review. Of these, approximately 47% reported beneficial effects of PRP in clinical studies while 43% reported no positive effects. In experimental studies, a higher percentage (73%) reported positive results of PRP, while just under 8% reported negative results.

Limited Evidence and Study Design Flaws

  • The review underlines that the main shortcomings in the design of clinical trials included lack of a true placebo group, poor characterization of the product, insufficient blinding, small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and poor outcome measures. In addition, the methods and measures for PRP preparation, administration, and outcome assessments varied greatly among the studies.
  • A lack of rigorous study design was commonly seen among equine clinical trials.
  • The review observes that in studies where PRP demonstrated beneficial effects, the majority had a high risk of bias. Similarly, in studies where PRP was not beneficial, the majority had a low risk of bias.

Final Conclusions

  • The authors conclude that while most experimental studies showed positive effects of PRP and equine clinical studies frequently yielded positive results, human clinical trials failed to corroborate these findings. Notably, studies that reported positive results were more often associated with a high risk of bias.
  • The review suggests that while the use of PRP in treating musculoskeletal lesions is safe and shows promise, there is still limited strong evidence to fully support its effectiveness in clinical scenarios.

Cite This Article

APA
Brossi PM, Moreira JJ, Machado TS, Baccarin RY. (2015). Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: a comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions. BMC Vet Res, 11, 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0403-z

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 11
Pages: 98

Researcher Affiliations

Brossi, Patrícia M
  • Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ptbrossi@uol.com.br.
Moreira, Juliana J
  • Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ju_veterinaria@yahoo.com.br.
Machado, Thaís S L
  • Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. tsodrelima@gmail.com.
Baccarin, Raquel Y A
  • Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. baccarin@usp.br.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horse Diseases / therapy
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Joint Diseases / therapy
  • Joint Diseases / veterinary
  • Ligaments / injuries
  • Platelet-Rich Plasma
  • Tendon Injuries / therapy
  • Tendon Injuries / veterinary

References

This article includes 188 references
  1. Ziltener JL, Allet L, Sclison P, Grosclaude M. How effective are injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of sports injuries: a critical review of the literature.. J Sports Med Doping Studie 2012.
    doi: 10.4172/2161-0673.s2-003google scholar: lookup
  2. Brossi PM, Baccarin RY, Massoco CO. Do blood components affect the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by equine synovial fluid cells?. Pesq Vet Bras 2012;32:1355–60.
  3. Moreira JJ, Moraes APL, Brossi PM, Machado TSL, Michelacci YM, Massoco CO. Autologous processed plasma: cytokine profile and effects upon injection in healthy equine joints.. J Vet Sci 2015;16:47–55.
    pmc: PMC4367149pubmed: 25269714
  4. Burnouf T, Goubran HA, Chen TM, Ou KL, El E. Blood-derived biomaterials and platelet growth factors in regenerative medicine.. Blood Rev 2013;27:77–89.
    pubmed: 23434399
  5. Textor J. Autologous biologic treatment for equine musculoskeletal injuries: platelet-rich plasma and IL-1 receptor antagonist protein.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011;27:275–98.
    pubmed: 21872759
  6. Chevalier X. Intraarticular treatments for osteoarthritis: new perspectives.. Curr Drug Targets 2010;11:546–60.
    pubmed: 20199394
  7. Alsousou J, Thompson M, Hulley P, Noble A, Willett K. The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: a review of the literature.. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2009;91:987–96.
    pubmed: 19651823
  8. Fortier LA, Barker JU, Strauss EJ, McCarrel TM, Cole BJ. The role of growth factors in cartilage repair.. Clin Orthop 2011;469:2706–15.
    pmc: PMC3171543pubmed: 21403984
  9. Gobbi G, Vitale M. Platelet-rich plasma preparations for biological therapy: applications and limits.. Oper Tech Orthop 2012;22:10–5.
  10. Boswell SG, Cole BJ, Sundman EA, Karas V, Fortier LA. Platelet-rich plasma: a milieu of bioactive factors.. Arthroscopy 2012;28:429–39.
    pubmed: 22284405
  11. Ehrenfest DMD, Bielecki T, Mishra A, Borzini P, Inchingolo F, Sammartino G. In search of a consensus terminology in the field of platelet concentrates for surgical use: platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), fibrin gel polymerization and leukocytes.. Cur Pharm Biotechnol 2012;13(7):1131–7.
    pubmed: 21740379
  12. Carmona JU, López C, Sandoval JA. Review of the current available systems to obtain platelet related products to treat equine musculoskeletal injuries.. Rec Pat Reg Med 2013;3(2):148–59.
  13. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta-analyses.. Lancet 1999;354(9193):1896–900.
    pubmed: 10584742
  14. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:264–9.
    pubmed: 19622511
  15. Kanematsu A, Yamamoto S, Ozeki M, Noguchi T, Kanatani I, Ogawa O. Collagenous matrices as release carriers of exogenous growth factors.. Biomaterials 2004;2S:4S13–20.
    pubmed: 15046942
  16. Fleishmann RM, Schechtman J, Bennet R, Handel ML, Burmester G-R, Tesser J. Anakinra, a Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(4):927–34.
    pubmed: 12687534
  17. Nixon AJ, Saxer RA, Brower-Toland BD. Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates an autoinductive IGF-I autocrine/paracrine response in chondrocytes.. J Orhtop Res 2001;19:26–32.
    pubmed: 11332617
  18. Garrett KS, Bramlage LR, Spike-Pierce DL, Cohen ND. Injection of platelet- and leukocyte-rich plasma at the junction of the proximal sesamoid bone and the suspensory ligament branch for treatment of yearling thoroughbreds with proximal sesamoid bone inflammation and associated suspensory ligament branch desmitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:120–5.
    pubmed: 23786200
  19. Zuffova K, Krisova S, Zert Z. Platelet-rich plasma treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon lesions in racing thoroughbreds.. Vet Med 2013;58:230–9.
  20. Edinger J, Rittler W, Banerjee A, Ferguson J, Pieber K. Effective treatment of a traumatic tendon lesion within the tarsal sheath of a horse with PRP in combination with isolated bone marrow mononucleated cells.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012;6(suppl 1):156.
  21. Torricelli P, Fini M, Filardo G, Tschon M, Pischedda M. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal overuse injuries in competition horses.. Int Orthop 2011;35:1569–76.
    pmc: PMC3174295pubmed: 21394594
  22. Castelijns G, Crawford A, Schaffer J, Ortolano GA, Beauregard T. Evaluation of a filter-prepared platelet concentrate for the treatment of suspensory branch injuries horses.. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2011;24:363–9.
    pubmed: 21887455
  23. Georg R, Maria C, Gisela A, Bianca C. Autologous conditioned plasma as therapy of tendon and ligament lesions in seven horses.. J Vet Sci 2010;11:172–5.
    pmc: PMC2873820pubmed: 20458161
  24. Abellanet I, Prades M. Intraarticular platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy: evaluation in 42 sport horse with OA.. 2009;In: Proceedings of the International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association: September 2009; Guarujá, Brazil; 2009 (http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/weva/2009/72.pdf?LA=1). Accessed 01 Apr 2015.
  25. Carmona JU, López C, Prades M. Uso de concentrados autólogos de plaquetas obtenidos mediante el método del tubo como tratamento de artropatía em caballos.. Arch Med Vet 2009;41:175–9.
  26. Waselau M, Sutter WW, Genovese RL, Bertone AL. Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in standardbred racehorses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1515–20.
    pubmed: 18479242
  27. Argüelles D, Carmona JU, Climent F, Muñoz E, Prades M. Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment for musculoskeletal lesions in five horses.. Vet Rec 2008;162:208–11.
    pubmed: 18281627
  28. Carmona JU, Argüelles D, Climent F, Prades M. Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment of horses with osteoarthritis: a preliminary pilot clinical study.. J Eq Vet Sci 2007;27:167–70.
  29. Tiwari M, Bhargava R. Platelet rich plasma therapy: a comparative effective therapy with promising results in plantar fasciitis.. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2013;4:31–5.
    pmc: PMC3880505pubmed: 26403772
  30. Antuña S, Barco R, Díez JMM, Sánchez Máquez JM. Platelet- rich fibrin in arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears: a prospective randomized pilot clinical trial.. Acta Orthop Belg 2013;79:125–30.
    pubmed: 23547511
  31. Magnussen RA, Flanigan DC, Pedroza AD, Kaeding CC. Platelet rich plasma use in allograft ACL reconstructions: two-year clinical results of a MOON cohort study.. Knee 2013;20:277–80.
    pmc: PMC4170685pubmed: 23270598
  32. Mishra AK, Skrepnik NV, Edwards SG, Jones GL, Sampson S. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for chronic tennis elbow: a double-blind, prospective, multicenter, controlled trial of 230 patients.. Am J Sports Med 2014;42:463–71.
    pubmed: 23825183
  33. Krogh TP, Fredberg U, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Christensen R, Jensen P. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis with platelet-rich plasma, glucocorticoid, or saline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Am J Sports Med 2013;41:625–35.
    pubmed: 23328738
  34. Patel S, Dhillon MS, Aggarwal S, Marwaha N, Jain A. Treatment with platelet-rich plasma is more effective than placebo for knee osteoarthritis.. Am J Sports Med 2013;41:356–64.
    pubmed: 23299850
  35. Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Dragoo JL, Nead KT. Platelet-rich plasma as a treatment for patellar tendinopathy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.. Arthroscopy 2012;28(suppl 1):e31–2.
    pubmed: 24481828
  36. Jain A, Patel S, Aggarwal S, Marwaha N, Dhillon MS. Autologous platelet derived growth factors as a treatment modality in early osteoarthritis knee – a prospective randomized control trial.. Vox Sang 2012;103(suppl 1):61.
  37. Mardones R, Larrain C, Gerrero MA, Volpato GP, Tomic A. Paper 45: Effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the management of early postoperative pain and inflammation following hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled, clinical trial.. Arthroscopy 2012;28(suppl 2):e69–70.
  38. Cerza F, Carnì S, Carcangiu A, Di Vavo I, Schiavilla V. Comparison between hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma, intra-articular infiltration in the treatment of gonarthrosis.. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:2822–7.
    pubmed: 23104611
  39. Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR, Laver L, Mann G, Maffulli N. Platelet-rich plasma or hyaluronate in the management of osteochondral lesions of the talus.. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:534–41.
    pubmed: 22253252
  40. Almeida AM, Demange MK, Sobrado MF, Rodrigues MB, Pedrinelli A. Pattelar tendo healing with platelet-rich plasma: a prospective randomized controlled trial.. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:1282–8.
    pubmed: 22472272
  41. Spaková T, Rosocha J, Lacko M, Harvanová D, Gharaibeh A. Treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis with autologous platelet-rich plasma in comparison with hyaluronic acid.. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2012;91:411–7.
    pubmed: 22513879
  42. Aksahin E, Dogruyol D, Yüksel HY, Hapa O, Doğan O. The comparison of the effect of corticosteroids and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of plantar fasciitis.. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2012;132:781–5.
    pubmed: 22399039
  43. Rodeo SA, Delos D, Williams RJ, Adler RS, Pearle A. The effect of platelet-rich fibrin matrix on rotator cuff tendon healing: a prospective, randomized clinical study.. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:1234–41.
    pubmed: 22495146
  44. Weber SC, Kauffman JI, Parise C, Weber SJ, Katz SD. Platelet-rich fibrin matrix in the management of arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.. Am J Sports Med 2012;41:263–70.
    pubmed: 23204506
  45. Bergeson AG, Tashjian RZ, Greis PE, Crim J, Stoddard GJ. Effects of platelet-rich fibrin matrix on repair integrity of at-risk rotator cuff tears.. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:286–93.
    pubmed: 22016459
  46. Cervellin M, Girolamo L, Bait C, Denti M, Volpi P. Autologous platelet-rich plasma gel to reduce donor-site morbidity after patellar tendon graft harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized, controlled clinical study.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012;20:114–20.
    pubmed: 21678095
  47. Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, Di Matteo B, Merli ML. Platelet-rich plasma vs hyaluronic acid to treat knee degenerative pathology: study design and preliminar results of a randomized controlled trial.. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012;13:229.
    pmc: PMC3532098pubmed: 23176112
  48. Jo CH, Kim JE, Yoon KS, Lee JH, Kang SB. Does platelet-rich plasma accelerate recovery after rotator curff repair?. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2082–90.
    pubmed: 21737832
  49. Randelli P, Arrigoni P, Ragone V, Aliprandi A, Cabitza P. Platelet-rich plasma in arthroscopy rotator cuff repair: a prospective RCT study, 2-year follow-up.. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011;20:518–28.
    pubmed: 21570659
  50. Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benetto M, Panfoli N, Pirani P. Platelet-rich plasma augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:258–65.
    pubmed: 21160018
  51. Thanasas C, Papadimitriou G, Charalambidis C, Paraskevopoulos I, Papanikolaou A. Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous whole blood for the treatment of chronic lateral elbow epicondylitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2130–4.
    pubmed: 21813443
  52. Schepull T, Kvist J, Norrman H, Trinks M, Berlin G. Autologous platelets have no effect on the healing of human Achilles tendon ruptures: a randomized single-blind study.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:38–47.
    pubmed: 21051425
  53. de Vos RJ, Weir A, Tol JL, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. No effects of PRP on ultrasonographic structure and neovascularisation in chronic midportion achilles tendinopathy.. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:387–92.
    pubmed: 21047840
  54. Creaney L, Wallace A, Curtis M, Connell D. Growth factor-based therapies provides additional benefit beyond physical therapy in resistant elbow tendinopathy: a prospective, single-blind, randomized trial of autologous blood injections versus platelet-rich plasma injections.. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:966–71.
    pubmed: 21406450
  55. Kon E, Mandelbaum B, Buda R, Filardo G, Delcogliano M. Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular injection versus hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation as treatments for cartilage pathology: from early degeneration to osteoarthritis.. Arthroscopy 2011;27:1490–501.
    pubmed: 21831567
  56. Jonge S, de Vos R, Weir A, van Schie HT, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. One-year follow-up of platelet-rich plasma treatment in chronic achilles tendinopathy.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:1623–9.
    pubmed: 21602565
  57. Gosens T, Peerbooms JC, Van Laar W, den Oudsten BL. Ongoing positive effect of platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injection in lateral epicondylitis.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:1200–8.
    pubmed: 21422467
  58. Barber FA, Hrnack SA, Snyder SJ, Hapa O. Rotator cuff repair healing influence by platelet-rich plasma construct augmentation.. Arthroscopy 2011;27:1029–35.
    pubmed: 21802625
  59. Horstmann WG, Slappendel R, van Hellemondt GG, Wymenga AW, Jack N. Autologous platelet gel in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:115–21.
    pubmed: 20640848
  60. Buford DA. Rotator cuff healing with and without platelet rich plasma application.. Arthroscopy 2011;27:e37–8.
  61. Vogrin M, Rupreth M, Dinevski D, Hašpl M, Kuhta M. Effects of a platelet gel on early graft revascularization after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.. Eur Surg Res 2010;45:77–85.
    pubmed: 20814217
  62. Peerbooms JC, Sluimer J, Bruijn DJ, Gosens T. Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentrate in lateral epicondilytis in a double-blind randomized controlled trial.. Am J Sports Med 2010;38:255–62.
    pubmed: 20448192
  63. de Vos R, Weir A, van Schie HTM, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Verhaar JAN. Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic achilles tendinopathy.. J Am Med Assoc 2010;303:144–9.
    pubmed: 20068208
  64. Radice F, Yánez R, Gutiérrez V, Rosales J, Pinedo M. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in anterior cruciate ligament grafts with and without autologous platelet-derived growth factors.. Arthroscopy 2010;26:50–7.
    pubmed: 20117627
  65. Filardo G, Kon E, Della Villa S, Vincentelli F, Fornasari PM. Use of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of refractory jumper’s knee.. Int Orthop 2010;34:909–15.
    pmc: PMC2989009pubmed: 19641918
  66. Nin JRV, Gasque GM, Azcárate AV, Beola JD, Gonzalez MH. Has platelet-rich plasma any role in anterior cruciate ligament allograft healing?. Arthroscopy 2009;25:1205–13.
    pubmed: 19896041
  67. Silva A, Sampaio R. Anatomic ACL reconstruction: does the platelet-rich plasma accelerate tendon healing?. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009;17:676–82.
    pubmed: 19288080
  68. Peerbooms JC, de Wolf GS, Colaris JW, Bruijn DJ, Verhaar JA. No positive effect of autologous platelet gel after total knee arthroplasty.. Acta Orthop 2009;80:557–62.
    pmc: PMC2823335pubmed: 19916689
  69. Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, Aguirre JJ, Andia I. Intra-artiuclar injection of an autologous preparation rich in growth factors for the treatment of knee OA: a restrospective cohort study.. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26:910–3.
    pubmed: 19032827
  70. Everts PA, Devilee RJJ, Mahoney CB, van Erp A, Oosterbos CJ. Exogenous application of platelet-leukocyte gel during open subacromial decompression contributes to improved patient outcome.. Eur Surg Res 2008;40:203–10.
    pubmed: 17998780
  71. Orrego M, Larrain C, Rosales J, Valenzuela L, Matas J. Effects of platelet concentrate and a bone plug on the healing of hamstring tendons in a bone tunnel.. Arthroscopy 2008;24:1373–80.
    pubmed: 19038708
  72. Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, Andía I, Padilla S. Comparison of surgically repaired achilles tendo tears using platelet-rich fibrina matrices.. Am J Sports Med 2007;35:245–51.
    pubmed: 17099241
  73. Everts PAM, Devilee RJJ, Oosterbos JM, Mahoney CB, Schattenkerk ME. Autologous platelet gel and fibrin sealant enhance the efficacy of total knee arthroplasty: improved range of motion, decreased legth of stay and a reduce incidence of arthrofibrosis.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007;15:888–94.
    pubmed: 17323096
  74. Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, Klepchick PR, Mooar PA. The efficacy of autologous platelet gel in pain control and blood loss in total knee arthroplasty.. Int Orthop 2007;31:309–13.
    pmc: PMC2267605pubmed: 16816947
  75. Zavadil DP, Satterlee CC, Costigan JM, Holt DW, Shostrom VK. Autologous platelet gel and platelet-poor plasma reduce pain with total shoulder arthroplasty.. J Extra Corpor Technol 2007;39:177–82.
    pmc: PMC4680728pubmed: 17972452
  76. Mishra A, Pavelko T. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma.. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1774–8.
    pubmed: 16735582
  77. Ventura A, Terzaghi C, Borgo E, Verdoia C, Gallazzi M. Use of growth factors in ACL surgery: preliminar study.. J Orthopaed Traumatol 2005;6:76–9.
  78. Textor JA, Willits NH, Tablin F. Synovial fluid growth factor and cytokine concentrations after intra-articular injection of a platelet-rich product in horses.. Vet J 2013;198:217–23.
    pubmed: 23992870
  79. Textor JA, Tablin F. Intra-articular use of a platelet-rich product in normal horses: clinical signs and cytologic responses.. Vet Surg 2013;42:499–510.
    pubmed: 23631631
  80. Zandim BM, Souza MV, Frassy LN, Vilória MIV, Maia L. Immunohistochemistry of factor VIII, histology and morphometry in equine tendon treated with platelet-rich plasma.. Rev Bras Med Vet 2013;35:169–84.
  81. McCarrel TM, Minas T, Fortier LA. Optimization of leukocyte concentration in platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of tendinopathy.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012;94:e143.
    pubmed: 23032594
  82. Yamada ALM, Carvalho AM, Oliveira PGG, Felisbino SL, Queiroz DL. Plasma rico em plaquetas no tratamento de lesões condrais articulares induzidas experimentalmente em equinos: avaliação clinica, macroscópica, histológica e histoquímica.. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2012;64:323–32.
  83. Bosch G, Moleman M, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR, van Schie HT. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the neovascularization of surgically created equine superficial digital flexor tendon lesions.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:554–61.
    pubmed: 20459479
  84. Bosch G, van Weeren PR, Barneveld A, van Schie HT. Computerised analysis of standardized ultrasonographic images to monitor the repair of surgically created core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons following treatment with intratendinous platelet rich plasma or placebo.. Vet J 2011;187:92–8.
    pubmed: 19932036
  85. Maia L, Souza MV, Ribeiro Junior JI, Oliveira AC, Alves GES. Platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of induced tendinopathy in horses: histologic evaluation.. J Eq Vet Sci 2009;29:618–26.
  86. McCarrel T, Fortier L. Temporal growth factor release grom platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression.. J Orthopaed Res 2009;27:1033–42.
    pubmed: 19170097
  87. Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Jacobson MS, Fortier LA. Effects of platelet rich plasma and acellular bone marrow on gene expression patterns and DNA content of equine suspensory ligament explant cultures.. Eq Vet J 2008;40:260–5.
    pubmed: 18267879
  88. Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Miller BJ, McDermott WG, Jacobson MS. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expressions patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.. J Orthopaed Res 2007;25:230–40.
    pubmed: 17106885
  89. Smith JJ, Ross MW, Smith RKW. Anabolic effects of acellular bone marrow, platelet rich plasma, and serum on equine suspensory ligament fibroblasts in vitro.. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2006;19:43–7.
    pubmed: 16594543
  90. Bosch G, van Schie HTM, Groot MW, Cadby JA, van de Lest CH. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the quality of repair of mechanically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons: a placebo-controlled experimental study.. J Orthopaed Res 2010;28:211–7.
    pubmed: 19714688
  91. Sadoghi P, Lohberger B, Aigner B, Kaltenegger H, Friesenbichler J. Effect of platelet-rich plasma on the biologic activity of the human rotator-cuff fibroblasts: A controlled in vitro study.. J Orthopaed Res 2013;31:1249–53.
    pubmed: 23568511
  92. Muto T, Kokubu T, Mifune Y, Sakata R, Nagura I. Platelet-rich plasma protects rotator cuff-derived cells from deleterious effects of triamcinolone acetonide.. J Orthopaed Res 2013;31:976–82.
    pubmed: 23280560
  93. Carofino B, Chowaniec DM, McCarthy MB, Bradley JP, Delaronde S. Corticosteroids and local anesthetics decrease positive effects of platelet-rich plasma: an in vitro study on human tendon cells.. Arthroscopy 2012;28:711–9.
    pubmed: 22264830
  94. Jo CH, Kim JE, Yoon KS, Shin S. Platelet-rich plasma stimulates cell proliferation and enhances matrix gene expression and synthesis in tenocytes from human rotator cuff tendons with degenerative tears.. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:1035–45.
    pubmed: 22366517
  95. Zhai W, Wang N, Qi Z, Gao Q, Yi L. Platelet-rich plasma reverses the inhibition of tenocytes and osteoblasts in tendon-bone healing.. Orthopedics 2012;35:e520–5.
    pubmed: 22495853
  96. Wang X, Qiu Y, Triffitt J, Carr A, Xia Z. Proliferation and differentiation of human tenocytes in response to platelet rich plasma: an in vitro and in vivo study.. J Orthopaed Res 2012;30:982–90.
    pubmed: 22102328
  97. Baboldashti NZ, Poulsen RC, Franklin SL, Thompson MS, Hulley PA. Platelet-rich plasma protects tenocytes from adverse side effects of dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin.. Am J Sports Med 2012;39:1929–35.
    pubmed: 21632978
  98. Van Buul GM, Koevoet WLM, Kops N, Bos PK, Verhaar JA. Platelet-rich plasma releasate inhibits inflammatory processes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:2362–70.
    pubmed: 21856929
  99. Wu C-C, Chen W-H, Zao B, Lai PL, Lin TC. Regenerative potentials os platelet-rich plasma enhanced by collagen in retrieving pro-inflammatory cytokine-inhibited chondrogenesis.. Biomaterials 2011;32:5847–54.
    pubmed: 21616530
  100. Bendinelli P, Matteucci E, Dogliotti G, Corsi MM, Banfi G. Molecular basis of anti-inflammatory action of platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocytes: mechanisms of NF-kβ inhibition via HGF.. J Cell Physiol 2010;225:757–66.
    pubmed: 20568106
  101. Spreafico A, Chellini F, Frediani B, Bernardini G, Niccolini S. Biochemical investigation of the effects of human platelet releasates on human articular chondrocytes.. J Cell Biochem 2009;108:1153–65.
    pubmed: 19731249
  102. de Mos M, van der Windt A, Jahr H, van Schie HT, Weinans H. Can platelet-rich plasma enhance tendon repair?. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:1171–8.
    pubmed: 18326832
  103. Anitua E, Sánchez M, Nurden AT, Zalduendo MM, de la Fuente M. Platelet-released growth factors enhance the secretion of hyaluronic acid and induce hepatocyte growth factor production by synovial fibroblast from arthritic patients.. Rheumatol 2007;46:1769–72.
    pubmed: 17942474
  104. Anitua E, Sanchez M, Nurden AT, Zalduendo M, de la Fuente M. Autologous fibrin matrices: a potential source of biological mediators that modulate tendon cell activities.. J Biomed Mater Res 2006;77:285–93.
    pubmed: 16400654
  105. Anitua E, Andia I, Sanchez M, Azofra J, del Mar ZM. Autologous preparations rich in growth factors promote proliferation and induce VEGF and HGF production by human tendon cells in culture.. J Orthop Res 2005;23:281–6.
    pubmed: 15779147
  106. de Mos M, Koevoet W, van Schie HTM, Kops N, Jahr H. In vitro model to study chondrogenic differentiation in tendinopathy.. Am J Sports Med 2009;37:1214–22.
    pubmed: 19279223
  107. Xie X, Wu H, Zhao S, Xie G, Huangfu X. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on patterns of gene expression in a dog model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.. J Surg Res 2013;180:80–8.
    pubmed: 23174707
  108. Visser LC, Arnoczky SP, Caballero O, Egerbacher M. Platelet-rich fibrin constructos elute higher concentrations of transforming growth fator-β1 and increase tendon cell proliferation over time when compared to blood clots: a comparative in vitro analysis.. Vet Surg 2010;39:811–7.
    pubmed: 20825593
  109. Murray MM, Spindler KP, Ballard P, Welch TP, Zurakowski D. Enhanced histologic repair in a central wound in the anterior cruciate ligament with a collagen-platelet-rich plasma scaffold.. J Orthopaed Res 2007;25:1007–17.
    pubmed: 17415785
  110. Fernández-Sarmiento JA, Dominguez JM, Granados MM, Morgaz J, Navarrete R. Histological study of the influence of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) on the healing of divided Achilles tendons in sheep.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013;95:246–55.
    pubmed: 23389788
  111. Milano G, Deriu L, Passino ES, Masala G, Manunta A. Repeated platelet concentrate injections enhance reparative response of microfractures in the treatment of chondral defects of the knee: an experimental study in an animal model.. Arthroscopy 2012;28:688–701.
    pubmed: 22277762
  112. Milano G, Sanna Passino E, Deriu L, Careddu G, Manunta L. The effect of platelet rich plasma combined with microfractures on the treatment of chondral defects: na experimental sutyd in a sheep model.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010;10:971–80.
    pubmed: 20433936
  113. Yoshioka T, Kanamori A, Washio T, Aoto K, Uemura K. The effects of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) on healing of medial collateral ligament of the knee.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013;21:1763–9.
    pubmed: 22527414
  114. Harris L, Huffer WE, von Stade E, Larson AI, Phinney S. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on normal soft tissues in the rabbit.. J Bone Joint Surg 2012;94:786–93.
    pubmed: 22552667
  115. Park S-I, Lee H-R, Kim S, Ahn MW, Do SH. Time-sequential modulation in expression. Of growth factors from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the chondrocyte cultures.. Mol Cell Biochem 2012;361:9–17.
    pubmed: 21956670
  116. Sato D, Takahara M, Narita A, Yamakawa J, Hashimoto J. Effect of platelet-rich plasma withi fibrin matrix on healing of intrasynovial flexor tendons.. J Hand Surg [Am] 2012;37:1356–63.
    pubmed: 22721458
  117. Lee A-J, Chung W-H, Kim D-H, Lee KP, Chung DJ. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a rabbit model using canine small intestinal submucosa and autologous platelet-rich plasma.. J Surg Res 2012;178:206–15.
    pubmed: 22564828
  118. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Georgiadis G, Mazis G, Middleton R. Does a single application of PRP alter the expression of IGF-I in the early phase of tendon healing?. J Foot Ankle Surg 2011;50:276–82.
    pubmed: 21440462
  119. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Agrogiannis G, Verettas D, Kokka A. Experimental study of tendon healing early phase: is IGF-1 expression influenced by platelet rich plasma gel?. Orthopaed Traumatol Surg Res 2010;96:381–7.
    pubmed: 20452307
  120. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Verettas D, Polychronidis A, Simopoulos C. Immunohistochemical study of angiogenesis after local administration of platelet-rich plasma in a pattelar tendon defect.. Int Orthopaed 2010;34:143–8.
    pmc: PMC2899263pubmed: 19205700
  121. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Tryfonidis M, Agrogiannis G, Botaitis S. Temporal and spatial expression of TGF-β1 in an Achilles tendon section model after application of platelet-rich plasma.. Foot Ankle Surg 2010;16:137–41.
    pubmed: 20655014
  122. Saito M, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Inoue A, Sakao K. Intraarticular administration of platelet-rich plasma with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres prevents osteoarthritis progression in the rabbit knee.. Cli Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:201–7.
    pubmed: 19473558
  123. Qi YY, Chen X, Jiang YZ, Cai HX, Wang LL. Local Delivery of autologous platelet in collagen matrix simulated in situ articular cartilage repair.. Cell Transplant 2009;18:1161–9.
    pubmed: 19660173
  124. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Verettas D, Polychronidis A, Tryfonidis M. The influence of platelet-rich plasma on angiogenesis during the early phase of tendon healing.. Foot Ankle Int 2009;30:1101–6.
    pubmed: 19912722
  125. Lyras DN, Kazakos K, Verettas D, Botaitis S, Agrogiannis G. The effect of platelet-rich plasma gel in the early phase of patellar tendon healing.. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2009;129:1577–82.
    pubmed: 19621231
  126. Sun Y, Feng Y, Zhan CQ, Chen SB, Cheng XG. The regenerative effect of platelet-rich plasma on healing in large ostochondral defects.. Int Orthop 2010;34:589–97.
    pmc: PMC2903145pubmed: 19434411
  127. Wu W, Chen F, Liu Y, Ma Q, Mao T. Autologous injectable tissue-engineered cartilage by using platelet-rich plasma: experimental study in a rabbit model.. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1951–7.
    pubmed: 17884521
  128. Dallaudière B, Lempicki M, Pesquer L, Lo L, Preux PM. Efficacy of intra-tendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma in treating tendinosis: comprehensive assessment of a rat model.. Eur Radiol 2013;23:2830–7.
    pubmed: 23801419
  129. Kaux J-F, Drion PV, Colige A, Pascon F, Libertiaux V. Effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the healing of Achilles tendon of rats.. Wound Rep Reg 2012;20:748–56.
    pubmed: 22882470
  130. Vaisman A, Figueroa D, Calvo R, Espinosa M, Melean P. Steroids and platelet-rich plasma as coadjuvants to microfracture for the treatment of chondral lesions in animal model: can the healing be enhanced?. Cartilage 2012;3:118–27.
    pmc: PMC4297125pubmed: 26069625
  131. Hapa O, Çakici H, Kükner A, Aygün H, Sarkalkan N, Baysal G. Effect of platelet-rich plasma on tendon-to-bone healing after rotator cuff repair in rats: an in vivo experimental study.. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2012;46(4):301–7.
    pubmed: 22951762
  132. Beck J, Evans D, Tonino PM, Yong S, Callaci JJ. The biomechanical and histologic effects of platelet-rich plasma on rat rotator cuff repais.. The AM J Sports Med 2012;40(9):2037–44.
    pmc: PMC3645442pubmed: 22822177
  133. Spang JT, Tischer T, Salzmann GM, Winkler T, Burgkart R. Platelet concentrate vs. saline in a rat tendon healing model.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:495–502.
    pubmed: 20953759
  134. Tohidnezhad M, Varoga D, Wruck CJ, Brandenburg LO, Seekamp A. Platelet-released growth factors can accelerate tenocyte proliferation and activate the anti-oxidant response element.. Histochem Cell Biol 2011;135:453–60.
    pubmed: 21476078
  135. Kajikawa Y, Morihara T, Sakamoto H, Matsuda K, Oshima Y. Platelet rich-plasma enhances the initial mobilization of circulation-derived cells for tendon healing.. J Cell Physiol 2008;215:837–45.
    pubmed: 18181148
  136. Virchenko O, Aspenberg P. How can one platelet injection after tendon injury lead to a stronger tendon after 4 weeks? Interplay between early regeneration and mechanical stimulation.. Acta Orthop 2006;77:806–12.
    pubmed: 17068715
  137. Aspenberg P, Virchenko O. Platelet concentrate injection improves Achilles tendon repair in rats.. Acta Orthop Scand 2004;75:93–9.
    pubmed: 15022816
  138. Murray MM, Palmer M, Abreu E, Spindler KP, Zurakowski D. Platelet-rich plasma alone is not sufficient to enhance suture repair of the ACL in skeletally immature animals: an in vivo study.. J Orthopaed Res 2009;27:639–45.
    pmc: PMC2824566pubmed: 18991345
  139. Murray MM, Spindler KP, Abreu E, Muller JA, Nedder A. Collagen-platelet rich plasma hydrogel enhances primary repair of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament.. J Orthopaed Res 2007;25:81–91.
    pubmed: 17031861
  140. Akeda K, Okuma M, Attawia M, Attawia M, Miyamoto K. Platelet-rich plasma stimulates porcine articular chondrocyte proliferation and matrix biosynthesis.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14:1272–80.
    pubmed: 16820306
  141. Lee KS, Wilson JJ, Rabago DP, Baer GS, Jacobson JA. Musculoskeletal applications of platelet-rich plasma: fad or future?. Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:628–36.
    pubmed: 21343507
  142. Ahmad Z, Howard D, Brooks RA, Wardale J, Henson FM. The role of platelet rich plasma in musculoskeletal science.. JRSM Short Rep 2012;3:40.
    pmc: PMC3386662pubmed: 22768374
  143. Middleton KK, Barro V, Muller B, Terada S, Fu FH. Evaluation of the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy involved in the healing of sports-related soft tissue injuries.. Iowa Orthop J 2012;32:150–63.
    pmc: PMC3565396pubmed: 23576936
  144. Gross G, Hoffmann A. Therapeutic strategies for tendon healing based on novel biomaterials, factors and cells.. Pathobiology 2013;80:203–10.
    pubmed: 23652284
  145. Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF, Reis RL. Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering – Part II: challenges on the evolution from single to multiple bioactive factor delivery.. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2013;19:327–52.
    pmc: PMC3690093pubmed: 23249320
  146. Smyth NA, Murawski CD, Fortier LA, Cole BJ, Kennedy JG. Platelet-rich plasma in the pathologic processes of cartilage: review of basic science evidence.. Arthroscopy 2013;29:1399–13409.
    pubmed: 23669235
  147. Pichereau F, Décory M, Cuevas RG. Autologous platelet concentrate as a treatment for horses with refractory fetlock osteoarthritis.. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;2014:489–93.
  148. Kon E, Filardo G, Di Martino A, Marcacci M. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to treat sports injuries: evidence to support its use.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:516–27.
    pubmed: 21082164
  149. Nguyen RT, Borg-Stein J, McInnis K. Applications of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal and sports medicine: an evidence-based approach.. PM R 2011;3:226–50.
    pubmed: 21402369
  150. Paoloni J, De Vos RJ, Hamilton B, Murrell GA, Orchard J. Platelet-rich plasma treatment for ligament and tendon injuries.. Clin J Sport Med 2011;21:37–45.
    pubmed: 21200169
  151. Taylor D, Petrera M, Hendry M, Theodoropoulos JS. A systematic review of the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine as a new treatment for tendon and ligament injuries.. Clin J Sport Med 2011;21:344–52.
    pubmed: 21562414
  152. Kon E, Filardo G, Di Matteo B, Di Martino A, Marcacci M. Platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine: new treatment for tendon and cartilage lesions.. Oper Tech Orthop 2012;22:78–85.
  153. Papalia R, Vasta S, Zampogna B, Tecame A, Maffulli N. Platelet-rich plasma injections and surgery: short-term outcomes and long-term prognosis.. Oper Tech Orthop 2012;22:71–7.
  154. Sánchez M, Albillos J, Angulo F, Santisteban J, Andia I. Platelet-rich plasma in muscle and tendon healing.. Oper Tech Orthop 2012;22:16–24.
  155. Sheth U, Simunovic N, Klein G, Fu F, Einhorn TA. Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma use for orthopaedic indications: a meta-analysis.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012;94:298–307.
    pubmed: 22241606
  156. Steinert AF, Middleton KK, Araujo PH, Fu FH. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopaedic surgery and sports medicine: pearls, pitfalls, and new trends in research.. Oper Tech Orthop 2012;22:91–103.
  157. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Blinding in randomized trials: hiding who got what.. Lancet 2002;359:696–700.
    pubmed: 11879884
  158. Zhang W, Robertson J, Jones AC, Dieppe PA, Doherty M. The placebo effect and its determinants in osteoarthritis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1716–23.
    pubmed: 18541604
  159. Carmona JU, López C. Comments on Torricelli et al.: Regenerative medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal overuse injuries in competition horses. Letter to the editor.. Int Orthop 2011;35(11):1745.
    pmc: PMC3193963pubmed: 21912946
  160. Baksh N, Hannon CP, Murawisk CD, Smyth NA, Kennedy JG. Platelet-rich plasma in tendon models: a systematic review of basic science literature.. Arthroscopy 2013;29:596–607.
    pubmed: 23352397
  161. Giraldo CE, López C, Álvarez ME, Samudio IJ, Prades M. Effects of the breed, sex and age on cellular content and growth factor release from equine pure-platelet rich plasma and pure-platelet rich gel.. BMC Vet Res 2013;9:29.
    pmc: PMC3577464pubmed: 23402541
  162. Woodell-May J, Matuska A, Oyster M, Welch Z, O’Shaughnessey K, Hoeppner J. Autologous protein solution inhibits MMP-13 production by IL-1β and TNF-α- stimulated human articular chondrocytes.. J Orthop Res 2011;29:1320–26.
    pubmed: 21437966
  163. DeLong JM, Russell RP, Mazzocca AD. Platelet-rich plasma: the PAW classification system.. Arthroscopy 2012;28:998–1009.
    pubmed: 22738751
  164. Engebretsen L, Steffen K, Alsousou J, Anitua E, Bachi N. IOC consensus paper on the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine.. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:1072–81.
    pubmed: 21106774
  165. Kaux JF, Le Goff C, Seidel L, Peters P, Gothot A. Étude comparative de cinq techniques de préparation plaquettaire (platelet-rich plasma). Pathol Biol 2011;59:157–60.
    pubmed: 19481375
  166. Filardo G, Kon E. PRP: more words than facts…. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol. Arthroscop. 2012;20:1655–6.
    pubmed: 22810886
  167. Arguelles D, Carmona JU, Pastor J, Iborra A, Viñals L. Evaluation of single and double centrifugation tube methods for concentrating equine platelets.. Res Vet Sci 2006;81:237–45.
    pubmed: 16969921
  168. Tamimi MJH, Messora MR, Furlaneto FA, Fucini SE, Bosco AF. Effectiveness of two methods for preparation of autologous platelet-rich plasma: an experimental study in rabbits.. Eur J Dent 2010;4:395–402.
    pmc: PMC2948740pubmed: 20922159
  169. Tamimi FM, Montalvo S, Tresguerres I, Blanco JL. A comparative study of 2 methods for obtaining platelet-rich plasma.. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1084–93.
    pubmed: 17517290
  170. Harrison S, Vavken P, Kevy S, Jacobson M, Zurakowski D. Platelet activation by collagen provides sustained release of anabolic cytokines.. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:729–34.
    pmc: PMC3176726pubmed: 21398575
  171. Textor JA, Norris JW, Tablin F. Effects of preparation method, shear force, and exposure to collagen on release of growth factors from equine platelet-rich plasma.. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:271–8.
    pubmed: 21281204
  172. Textor JA, Tablin F. Activation of equine platelet-rich plasma: comparison of methods and characterization of equine autologous thrombin.. Vet Surg 2012;41:784–94.
    pubmed: 22742830
  173. Bhandari M, Petrisor B, Schemitsch E. Outcome measurements in orthopedic.. Indian J Orthop 2007;41:32–6.
    pmc: PMC2981892pubmed: 21124680
  174. Karanicolas PJ, Farrokhyar F, Bhandari M. Blinding: who, what, when, why, how?. Can J Surg 2010;53:345–8.
    pmc: PMC2947122pubmed: 20858381
  175. Rothwell P. External validity of randomized controlled trials: “to whom do the results of this trial apply?”.. Lancet 2005;365:82–93.
    pubmed: 15639683
  176. Filardo G, Kon E, Buda R, Timoncini A, Di Martino A. Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular knee injections for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19:528–35.
    pubmed: 20740273
  177. Freedman KB, Back S, Bernstein J. Sample size and statistical power of randomized, controlled trials in orthopaedics.. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2001;83:397–402.
    pubmed: 11341427
  178. Dawson J, Carr A. Outcomes evaluation in orthopaedics.. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2001;83:313–5.
    pubmed: 11341410
  179. Smith MV, Klein SE, Clohisy JC, Baca GR, Brophy RH. Lower extremity-specific measures of disability and outcomes in orthopaedic surgery.. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012;94:468–77.
    pubmed: 22398742
  180. Harreld K, Clark R, Downes K, Virani N, Frankle M. Correlation of subjective and objective measures before and after shoulder arthroplasty.. Orthopedics 2013;36:808–14.
    pubmed: 23746020
  181. Oleza IA. La terapia de lesiones de tejidos blandos y articulaciones con plasma rico en plaquetas en caballos de deporte: evidencias clínicas y bioquímicas que validan su utilización.. 2009;http://www.itrt.es/que-es-itrt/presentacion-del-equipo-itrt. Accessed 13 feb 2015.
  182. Halpern BC, Chaudhury S, Rodeo SA. The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing.. HSS J 2012;8:137–45.
    pmc: PMC3715623pubmed: 23874254
  183. Kaux JF, Crielaard JM. Tendinopathies et plasma riche en plaquettes (PRP): applications cliniques. Revue de la littérature.. J Traumatol Sport 2012;29:174–8.
  184. Smets F, Croisier JL, Forthomme B, Crielaard JM, Kaux JF. Applications cliniques du plasma riche en plaquettes (PRP) dans les lésions tendineuses: revue de la littérature.. Sci Sports 2012;27:141–53.
  185. Blaauboer BJ. In vitro and other non-animal experiments in the biomedical sciences.. ANZCCART News 1996;9:1–4.
  186. Wang-Saegusa A, Cugat R, Ares O, Seijas R, Cuscó X, Garcia-Balletbó M. Infiltration of plasma rich in growth factors for osteoarthritis of the knee short-term effects on function and quality of life.. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2011;131:311–7.
    pubmed: 20714903
  187. Bielecki TM, Gazdzik TS, Arendt J, Szczepanski T, Krol W, Wielkoszynski T. Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances –An in vitro study.. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89B:417–20.
    pubmed: 17356164
  188. Alvarez ME, López C, Giraldo CE, Samudio I, Carmona JU. In vitro bactericidal activity of equine platelet concentrates, platelet poor plasma, and plasma agains methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.. Arch Med Vet 2011;43:155–61.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.