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Post-mating inflammatory responses of the uterus.
Abstract: This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge on uterine inflammatory response after mating in horses, pigs and cattle. Post-mating endometritis has been extensively studied in horses as it has been considered to cause infertility. The inflammation is known to occur also in cattle, but it has not been investigated to a similar extent. There are a number of publications about mechanisms of post-mating uterine inflammation in pigs, which seem to resemble those in horses. The major focus of this review is the horse, but relevant literature is presented also on swine and cattle. Spermatozoa, seminal plasma and semen extenders play roles in the induction of inflammation. In addition, sperm numbers, concentration and viability, as well as the site of semen deposition may modulate the inflammatory response. Cytokines, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and mononuclear cells represent the uterine inflammatory response to mating. Inflammation is the first line of defence against invasion and eliminates excess spermatozoa and bacteria. Semen deposition elicits a massive PMN invasion, followed by phagocytosis of sperm aided by the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Exposure of the female genital tract to semen is important also for endometrial receptivity and pre-implantation embryo development. Seminal plasma (SP) and inflammation elicit transient immune tolerance to antigens present in semen. SP contains immune-regulatory molecules that activate and control immune responses to antigens by stimulating expression of cytokines and growth factors and by initiating tissue remodelling. SP also regulates ovarian function. Effective elimination of excess sperm and inflammatory by-products and subsequent rapid return of the endometrium to the normal state is a prerequisite for pregnancy. Uterine backflow, driven by myometrial contractions and requiring a patent cervix, is an important physical tool in uterine drainage.
© 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
Publication Date: 2012-08-29 PubMed ID: 22913558DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02120.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Review
Summary
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This research paper reviews the current understanding of the inflammatory response of the uterus after mating in horses, pigs, and cattle. It discusses the influence of sperm and seminal plasma on inflammation, the cells involved in the response, and the importance of timely inflammation resolution for successful pregnancy.
Post-Mating Inflammatory Response
- Post-mating endometritis, an inflammation of the uterus after mating, is extensively studied in horses due to its potential to cause infertility.
- This inflammation is also known to happen in cattle, but it hasn’t been researched as thoroughly.
- Studies on pigs show similar mechanisms of post-mating uterine inflammation as observed in horses.
Role of Sperm and Seminal Plasma in Inflammation
- Spermatozoa, the fluid carrying the sperm (seminal plasma), and semen extenders are key factors inducing inflammation.
- The number, concentration, viability, and deposition site of sperm may influence the intensity of the inflammatory response.
Immune Cells Involved
- Cytokines (proteins important for cell signaling), polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), and mononuclear cells constitute the uterine inflammatory response after mating.
- The inflammatory response functions to fight invasion and to eliminate excess sperm and bacteria. This is executed by a massive invasion of PMN, followed by the ingestion (phagocytosis) of sperm aided by the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.
Semen Exposure and Immune Tolerance
- Semen exposure is crucial not only for endometrial receptivity (preparation of the uterus for pregnancy) but also for pre-implantation embryo development.
- Seminal plasma and the ensuing inflammation induce a temporary immune tolerance to antigens (foreign substances) present in semen.
- Seminal plasma carries immune-regulating molecules that ensure proper immune responses to antigens, help express cytokines and growth factors, and initiate tissue remodeling.
- Seminal plasma also regulates ovarian function.
Importance of Rapid Inflammation Resolution
- Effective clearance of excess sperm and inflammatory byproducts and the subsequent rapid return of the uterus to a normal state is crucial for successful pregnancy.
- Uterine backflow, a process driven by muscle contractions in the uterine wall and requiring an open cervix, is a significant physical factor aiding in uterine drainage.
Cite This Article
APA
Katila T.
(2012).
Post-mating inflammatory responses of the uterus.
Reprod Domest Anim, 47 Suppl 5, 31-41.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02120.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Mu00e4ntsu00e4lu00e4, Finland. terttu.katila@helsinki.fi
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Breeding
- Cattle
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / immunology
- Copulation
- Endometritis / etiology
- Endometritis / immunology
- Endometritis / veterinary
- Female
- Horses
- Insemination / immunology
- Leukocytosis / veterinary
- Macrophages / immunology
- Male
- Neutrophils / immunology
- Pregnancy
- Semen / immunology
- Sperm Count
- Spermatozoa / immunology
- Swine
- Uterus / immunology
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