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Virology journal2018; 15(1); 106; doi: 10.1186/s12985-018-1018-3

Prevalence and sequence analysis of equid herpesviruses from the respiratory tract of Polish horses.

Abstract: Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are widespread in equine populations worldwide. While the infection with equine α-herpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-4) has been linked to several clinical outcomes, the pathogenic potential for equine γ-herpesviruses (EHV-2 and EHV-5) is still unclear. The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of infection with EHVs among Polish horses, to investigate factors associated with EHV infections among horses sampled, and to determine genetic variability within Polish EHV-2 isolates. Virus-specific real-time PCR assays were used for detection of EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4 and EHV-5 in nasal swabs collected from 540 horses from 13 national horse studs located throughout Poland. A proportion of EHV-2/5 positive samples were subjected to virus isolation followed by amplification and analysis of partial glycoprotein B sequence. Overall, 448/540 (83.0%) horses sampled were positive for at least one virus. The most prevalent was infection with EHV-2 (77.2%), followed by EHV-5 (47.0%), and EHV-4 (0.4%). None of the horses was positive for EHV-1. Approximately half of the virus-infected horses were positive for both EHV-2 and EHV-5. The proportion of EHV-2/5 positive horses varied by age, breed, and season. Only 8.0% of horses sampled, mostly Arabians, showed clinical signs of respiratory disease at the time of sampling. The viral load of both EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA was highest in swabs from young horses, which was particularly evident for EHV-2 infected foals. Mean viral loads in nasal swabs collected from diseased horses were higher than in swabs from healthy horses. That was also true for EHV-2 when only diseased Arabian foals were considered, but the levels of EHV-5 DNA were lower in swabs from diseased than from healthy foals. In agreement with other studies, there was a considerable variability between Polish EHV-2 sequences, with no clustering of sequences from horses with different health status. The level of EHV-2 variability seemed to differ between different studs/breeds. The presence of foals and yearlings on a property is likely to increase the risk of active EHV-2/5 infection among in-contact horses. The existence of breed-specific differences in susceptibility to EHV-2/5 infections should be further investigated, as it may provide one variable that needs to be considered in attempts to associate EHV-2/5 infections with disease. Overall, the data presented add to the existing knowledge of the epidemiology and biology of equine γ-herpesviruses, with the long-term goal of better understanding of the pathogenesis and the impact of infections with these viruses on the well-being of the horse.
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Publication Date: 2018-07-11 PubMed ID: 29996858PubMed Central: PMC6042439DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1018-3Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the spread and pathogenic features of equid herpesviruses (EHVs) among horses, particularly in Poland. It unveils crucial data about EHV occurrences and how these viruses affect specific equine populations, which is integral to the biology and epidemiology of equine γ-herpesviruses.

About the Equid Herpesviruses Research

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and effects of EHV on Polish horses highlighting significant factors related to the virus. Its investigation emphasized:

  • The distribution of EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, and EHV-5 affecting horses in Poland.
  • The use of virus-specific real-time PCR assays in identifying these viruses from nasal swabs taken from 540 horses across thirteen national horse studs in the country.
  • Conducting an isolation and analysis course for partial glycoprotein B sequence on a proportion of EHV-2/5 positive samples.

Findings and Analysis on the EHV Prevalence

Of the total horse population tested:

  • About 83% tested positive for at least one type of equine herpesvirus.
  • EHV-2 had the highest prevalence rate (77.2%), followed by EHV-5 (47%).
  • The rate of EHV-4 detection was much lower (0.4%), and none of the horses tested positive for EHV-1.
  • Almost half of the virus-infected horses were positive for both EHV-2 and EHV-5.
  • Prevalence of positive EHV-2/5 varied in terms of age, breed, and season.
  • Approximately 8% of the horses suffered from respiratory disease symptoms when sampled, particularly Arabian horses.

Insights from the Viral Load Examination

The average EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA amount was notably high in young horses. These aspects of the EHV prevalence were highlighted:

  • The level of EHV-2 infection was especially apparent among infected foals.
  • Comparatively high amounts of viral loads were in nasal swabs collected from diseased horses than in swabs taken from healthy ones.
  • This pattern held true for EHV-2 but not EHV-5, as EHV-5 DNA levels were lower in samples taken from diseased foals versus healthy ones.
  • EHV-2 sequences from Polish horses showed significant variability, regardless of the health status of the horses.

Further Implications of the Research

There appears to be breed-specific differences in susceptibility to EHV-2/5 infections. This requires further investigation as it could be an important consideration for disease association. Overall, the research is significant for understanding the epidemiology and biology of equine γ-herpesviruses, with long-term implications for the pathogenesis and impact of these viruses on the health and well-being of horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. (2018). Prevalence and sequence analysis of equid herpesviruses from the respiratory tract of Polish horses. Virol J, 15(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-1018-3

Publication

Virology journal
ISSN: 1743-422X
NlmUniqueID: 101231645
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 106
PII: 106

Researcher Affiliations

Stasiak, Karol
  • Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
Dunowska, Magdalena
  • Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Rola, Jerzy
  • Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland. jrola@piwet.pulawy.pl.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • DNA, Viral
  • Genes, Viral
  • Herpesviridae / classification
  • Herpesviridae / genetics
  • Herpesviridae / isolation & purification
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Phylogeny
  • Prevalence
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / veterinary
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
  • Viral Load

Grant Funding

  • S/268 / Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyu017cszego

Conflict of Interest Statement

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: An informed approval was sought from horse owners and stud managers before commencement of sampling. One of the roles of the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy is monitoring of endemic diseases among Polish livestock. The sampling for the current study was performed within the scope defined by this role. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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