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Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde2022; 164(7); 499-512; doi: 10.17236/sat00360

Prevalence and whole genome-based phylogenetic, virulence and antibiotic -resistance characteristics of nasal -Staphylococcus aureus in healthy Swiss horses.

Abstract: A total of 100 nasal swabs were collected from healthy horses in Switzerland between January 2020 and August 2020. The samples were taken from horses at 40 different stables in 12 different cantons and screened for both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) using selective agar plates. S. aureus were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by measurement of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and for virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes and phylogenetic characteristics using whole genome sequence analysis. Ten horses were found to be positive (10 %, CI: 95 %, 0,0552 - 0,1744) for S. aureus, and four of them harboured MRSA (4 %, CI: 95 %, CI: 1,5 % - 9 %). The MRSA were detected in horses from three different stables in the same region of one canton and MSSA were detected in horses from five different cantons. All the MRSA isolates were genetically related (ST398-t011-IVa), while the MSSA were diverse (ST1-t127/t398/t1508, ST816-t1294, ST133-t1403, ST30-t012). MRSA showed resistance to penicillin (blaZ), cefoxitin (mecA), trimethoprim (dfrK), gentamicin, kanamycin (aac(6')-Ie - aph(2'')-Ia), and tetracycline (tet(M)). MSSA were resistant to either none or one of the antibiotics tested like penicillin (blaZ) and erythromycin (erm(T)). Virulence genes were more abundant in MSSA than in MRSA. This study provides first insight into the prevalence and type of S. aureus in healthy Swiss horses and reveals a source of strains, which may cause infections in both horses and humans. Zwischen Januar 2020 und August 2020 wurden von 100 gesunden Pferden in der Schweiz Nasenabstriche gesammelt. Die Proben wurden von Pferden aus 40 verschiedenen Ställen in 12 verschiedenen Kantonen entnommen und sowohl auf Methicillin-resistente (MRSA), als auch auf Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) mit Hilfe von selektiven Agarplatten untersucht. Die Antibiotika-Empfindlichkeit der Staphylokokken wurde durch Messung der minimalen Hemmkonzentration (MHK) bestimmt. Weiter wurden Resistenz – und Virulenzgene, sowie auch phylogenetische Eigenschaften mittels Genom-Sequenzierung untersucht. Zehn Pferde waren positiv für S. aureus (10 %, KI: 95 %, 0,0552-0,1744), und vier davon waren MRSA (4 %, CI: 95 %, CI: 1,5 % – 9 %). MRSA Stämme wurden in drei verschiedenen Ställen in der gleichen Region eines Kantons nachgewiesen, während MSSA-Stämme in fünf verschiedenen Kantonen und fünf verschiedenen Ställen nachgewiesen wurden. Alle MRSA-Iso­late waren genetisch verwandt (ST398-t011-IVa), während die MSSA unterschiedlich waren (ST1-t127/t398/t1508, ST816-t1294, ST133-t1403, ST30-­­t012). MRSA Stämme zeigten Resistenzen gegen Penicillin (blaZ), Cefoxitin (mecA), Trimethoprim (dfrK), Gentamicin, Kanamycin (aac(6')-Ie – aph(2'')-Ia) und Tetracyclin (tet(M)). MSSA Stämme wiesen entweder keine Resistenz auf oder nur eine Resistenz gegen eines der getesteten Antibiotika wie Penicillin (blaZ) und Erythromycin (erm(T)). Virulenzgene waren bei MSSA häufiger zu finden als bei MRSA. Diese Studie liefert einen ersten Einblick in die Prävalenz und die Genotypen von S. aureus bei gesunden Schweizer Pferden und deckt eine mögliche Quelle von Stämmen auf, die sowohl bei Pferden als auch beim Menschen zu Infektionen führen können. Au total, 100 écouvillons nasaux ont été prélevés sur des chevaux sains en Suisse entre janvier 2020 et août 2020. Les échantillons ont été prélevés sur des chevaux de 40 écuries différentes dans 12 cantons différents et ont été soumis à un dépistage de S. aureus résistant à la méthicilline (MRSA) et de S. aureus sensible à la méthicilline (MSSA) à l’aide de plaques de gélose sélectives. Les S. aureus ont été testés pour leur sensibilité aux antibiotiques en mesurant la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) et pour les facteurs de virulence, les gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques et les caractéristiques phylogénétiques en analysant la séquence du génome entier. Dix chevaux se sont révélés positifs (10 %, IC: 95 %, 0,0552 – 0,1744) pour S. aureus, et quatre d’entre eux étaient porteurs de MRSA (4 %, IC: 95 %, IC: 1,5 % – 9 %). Les MRSA ont été détectés chez des chevaux provenant de trois écuries différentes de la même région d’un canton et les MSSA ont été détectés chez des chevaux provenant de cinq cantons différents. Tous les isolats de MRSA étaient génétiquement apparentés (ST398-t011-IVa), tandis que les MSSA étaient divers (ST1-t127/t398/t1508, ST816-t1294, ST133-t1403, ST30-t012). Les MRSA étaient résistants à la pénicilline (blaZ), à la céfoxitine (mecA), au triméthoprime (dfrK), à la gentamicine, à la kanamycine (aac(6')-Ie – aph(2")-Ia) et à la tétracycline (tet(M)). Les MSSA étaient résistants à aucun ou à un des antibiotiques testés soit à la pénicilline (blaZ) ou à l’érythromycine (erm(T)). Les gènes de virulence étaient plus abondants chez les MSSA que chez les MRSA. Cette étude donne, pour la première fois, un aperçu de la prévalence et du type de S. aureus chez les chevaux suisses en bonne santé et révèle la présence de souches susceptibles de provoquer des infections chez les chevaux et les humains. Un totale di 100 tamponi nasali sono stati raccolti da cavalli sani in Svizzera tra gennaio 2020 e agosto 2020. I campioni sono stati prelevati da cavalli in 40 diverse scuderie in 12 diversi cantoni e sono stati analizzati sia per lo S. aureus resistente alla meticillina (MRSA) che per lo S. aureus sensibile alla meticillina (MSSA) utilizzando piastre di agar selettivi. Gli S. aureus sono stati testati per la suscettibilità agli antibiotici mediante la misurazione della MIC (concentrazione minima inibente), per i fattori di virulenza, i geni di resistenza agli antibiotici e le caratteristiche filogenetiche mediante l’analisi della sequenza dell’intero genoma. Dieci cavalli sono risultati positivi per S. aureus (10 %, CI: 95 %, 0,0552 – 0,1744) quattro dei quali sono stati identificati come MRSA (4 %, CI: 95 %, CI: 1,5 % – 9 %). Gli MSSA sono stati isolati in cavalli di cinque diversi cantoni e gli MRSA in cavalli di tre diverse stalle nella stessa regione di un solo cantone. Tutti gli isolati di MRSA erano geneticamente correlati (ST398-t011-IVa) mentre gli MSSA erano diversi (ST1-t127/t398/t1508, ST816-t1294, ST133-t1403, ST30-t012). Gli MRSA hanno mostrato resistenza alla penicillina (blaZ), alla cefoxitina (mecA), al trimetoprim (dfrK), alla gentamicina, alla kanamicina (aac(6')-Ie – aph(2")-Ia) e alla tetraciclina (tet(M)). Gli MSSA non hanno mostrato alcuna resistenza oppure solo a uno degli antibiotici testati come la penicillina (blaZ) e l’eritromicina (erm(T)). I geni di virulenza erano più abbondanti in MSSA che in MRSA. Questo studio ha fornito una prima visione della prevalenza e del tipo di S. aureus nella popolazione di cavalli svizzeri sani e ha rivelato una potenziale fonte di ceppi che possono causare infezioni sia nei cavalli che nell’uomo.
Publication Date: 2022-07-07 PubMed ID: 35791820DOI: 10.17236/sat00360Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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This research study examines the prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy Swiss horses and the strain’s resistance to antibiotics, aiding in understanding its virulence and potential risk to humans.

Research Overview

  • The study gathered 100 nasal swabs from healthy horses across 40 stables in 12 different cantons in Switzerland between January 2020 and August 2020.
  • The swabs were screened for both types of Staphylococcus aureus – Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and Methicillin-susceptible (MSSA).
  • S. aureus’ antibiotic susceptibility, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, and phylogenic characteristics were tested.
  • Ten horses tested positive for S. aureus, with four of them carrying MRSA.

Findings

  • The MRSA samples were found in horses from three different stables in the same canton region, while the MSSA samples were detected in horses from five different cantons.
  • All the MRSA isolates were genetically related (ST398-t011-IVa), whereas the MSSA isolates were diverse.
  • The MRSA strains displayed resistance to several antibiotics, including penicillin, cefoxitin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tetracycline.
  • The MSSA strains were resistant to either none or one of the antibiotics tested.
  • The study found that virulence genes were more common in MSSA strains than in MRSA strains.

Significance

  • This work is significant because it provides initial insight into the presence and type of S. aureus in healthy Swiss horses and uncovers a potential source of infection in both horses and humans.
  • Understanding the dominant S. aureus strains, their genetic traits, and their antibiotic resistance patterns is essential for public health, veterinary care, and infection control.

Cite This Article

APA
Hurni JI, Kaiser-Thom S, Gerber V, Keller JE, Collaud A, Fernandez J, Schwendener S, Perreten V. (2022). Prevalence and whole genome-based phylogenetic, virulence and antibiotic -resistance characteristics of nasal -Staphylococcus aureus in healthy Swiss horses. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 164(7), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00360

Publication

ISSN: 1664-2848
NlmUniqueID: 0424247
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 164
Issue: 7
Pages: 499-512

Researcher Affiliations

Hurni, J I
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Switzerland.
Kaiser-Thom, S
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Switzerland.
Gerber, V
  • Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Switzerland.
Keller, J E
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Collaud, A
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Fernandez, J
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Schwendener, S
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.
Perreten, V
  • Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
  • Drug Resistance, Microbial
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horses
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / genetics
  • Penicillins
  • Phylogeny
  • Prevalence
  • Staphylococcal Infections / epidemiology
  • Staphylococcal Infections / veterinary
  • Staphylococcus aureus / genetics
  • Switzerland / epidemiology
  • Virulence / genetics

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Saraiva MMS, Rodrigues HLS, Benevides VP, de Leon CMCG, Santos SCL, Stipp DT, Givisiez PEN, Vieira RFC, Oliveira CJB. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from the Healthy Horses' Nostrils Sampled in Distant Regions of Brazil. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025 Jul 9;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14070693pubmed: 40723995google scholar: lookup
  2. Allano M, Arsenault J, Archambault M, Fairbrother JH, Sauvé F. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in Horses Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. J Vet Intern Med 2025 May-Jun;39(3):e70027.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70027pubmed: 40135807google scholar: lookup
  3. Monecke S, Burgold-Voigt S, Feßler AT, Krapf M, Loncaric I, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Braun SD, Diezel C, Müller E, Reinicke M, Reissig A, Cabal Rosel A, Ruppitsch W, Hotzel H, Hanke D, Cuny C, Witte W, Schwarz S, Ehricht R. Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus Strains and Their Prophages That Carry Horse-Specific Leukocidin Genes lukP/Q. Toxins (Basel) 2025 Jan 3;17(1).
    doi: 10.3390/toxins17010020pubmed: 39852974google scholar: lookup