FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Archives of virology2021; 166(2); 571-579; doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6

Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart.

Abstract: This study compared concurrent and separate primary vaccination against equid alphaherpesviruses 1 and 4, genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and equine influenza A virus, genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. Their vernacular names are equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1/4) and equine influenza virus (EIV). Infection with these respiratory pathogens is associated with loss of performance, interruption of training schedules, and on occasion, cancellation of equestrian events. Vaccination is highly recommended, and for some activities it is a mandatory requirement of the relevant authority. As there is a dearth of information relating to the impact of concurrent vaccination on the antibody response to EHV and EIV vaccines, they are usually administered separately, often 2 weeks apart. In a previous study of booster vaccination in Thoroughbred racehorses, concurrent vaccination with whole-virus inactivated carbopol-adjuvanted EHV and EIV vaccines did not impact negatively on the antibody response. In this study, investigations were extended to concurrent versus separate primary vaccination of warmblood foals. A field study was conducted to compare the immune response to a carbopol-adjuvanted EHV vaccine and an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-adjuvanted EI vaccine administered concurrently and 2 weeks apart. No adverse clinical reactions were observed, the pattern of EI and EHV antibody response was similar for both groups, and there was no evidence that concurrent primary vaccination compromised the humoral response. The results are of relevance to horse owners who wish to decrease veterinary costs, limit handling of young animals, and simplify record keeping by vaccinating concurrently.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-01-07 PubMed ID: 33410993PubMed Central: 6901505DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how horses, specifically young warmblood foals, respond to vaccination against equine herpesvirus (EHV) and equine influenza virus (EIV), when vaccines are given either simultaneously or two weeks apart. The findings reveal that administering these vaccines together does not negatively affect the animals’ immune response, offering the prospect of reduced veterinary costs, simpler veterinary care, and easier record-keeping for horse owners.

Background

  • Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1/4) and equine influenza virus (EIV) are respiratory pathogens affecting horses, causing interruptions in training routines, loss of performance, and occasionally leading to event cancellations.
  • Vaccination against these diseases is strongly recommended, and sometimes mandatory, for sports and other equestrian activities.
  • Prior to this study, there was limited information about the potential effects of administering these vaccines simultaneously, rather than two weeks apart as is standard practice.

Focus of the Research

  • The study’s aim was to examine the outcomes of concurrent administration (giving both vaccines at the same time) versus separate administration of the vaccines.
  • This investigation builds on previous research that found no negative impact on the immune response in adult Thoroughbred racehorses given concurrent EHV and EIV vaccinations.
  • The research was carried out considering young warmblood foals, with a particular interest in primary vaccination scenarios.
  • The work can be seen as an extension and specification of existing research into dual vaccination strategies among equines.

Research Methodology and Findings

  • The research team conducted a field study, where they compared the immune response in foals given a carbopol-adjuvanted EHV vaccine and an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-adjuvanted EI vaccine, either at the same time or two weeks apart.
  • The team found no adverse clinical reactions among the horses, and the overall pattern of EI and EHV antibody response was similar across both groups.
  • Crucially, the study provided no evidence that concurrent primary vaccination weakens the humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response.

Implications of the Study

  • The research findings suggest concurrent vaccination is a viable option for horse owners who wish to reduce veterinary expenses, streamline record keeping and limit the handling of young horses.
  • It could help promote increased vaccination coverage and ensure a standard level of disease protection across the sport horse industry.Most importantly this research will minimize disruption caused by these diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Allkofer A, Garvey M, Ryan E, Lyons R, Ryan M, Lukaseviciute G, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. (2021). Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart. Arch Virol, 166(2), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6

Publication

Archives of virology
ISSN: 1432-8798
NlmUniqueID: 7506870
Country: Austria
Language: English
Volume: 166
Issue: 2
Pages: 571-579

Researcher Affiliations

Allkofer, Alexandra
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
Garvey, Marie
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
Ryan, Evelyn
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
Lyons, Rachel
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
Ryan, Megan
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
Lukaseviciute, Gabija
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
Walsh, Cathal
  • Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
Venner, Monica
  • Equine Clinic Destedt, Trift 4, 38162, Destedt, Germany. MVenner@gmx.de.
Cullinane, Ann
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland. ACullinane@irishequinecentre.ie.

MeSH Terms

  • Adjuvants, Immunologic / administration & dosage
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Antibody Formation / immunology
  • Female
  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
  • Herpesvirus Vaccines / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses / immunology
  • Horses / virology
  • Immunity, Humoral / immunology
  • Immunization, Secondary / methods
  • Influenza A virus / immunology
  • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
  • Vaccination / methods
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology

References

This article includes 37 references
  1. Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668pubmed: 31849857pmc: 6901505google scholar: lookup
  2. Sack A, Cullinane A, Daramragchaa U, Chuluunbaatar M, Gonchigoo B, Gray GC. Equine influenza virus—a neglected, reemergent disease threat. Emerg Infect Dis 25(6):1185–1191.
    doi: 10.3201/eid2506.161846pmc: 6537720google scholar: lookup
  3. Cowled B, Ward MP, Hamilton S, Garner G. The equine influenza epidemic in Australia: spatial and temporal descriptive analyses of a large propagating epidemic.. Prev Vet Med 2009 Nov 1;92(1-2):60-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.006pubmed: 19748691google scholar: lookup
  4. Diallo AA, Souley MM, Issa Ibrahim A, Alassane A, Issa R, Gagara H, Yaou B, Issiakou A, Diop M, Ba Diouf RO, Lo FT, Lo MM, Bakhoum T, Sylla M, Seck MT, Meseko C, Shittu I, Cullinane A, Settypalli TBK, Lamien CE, Dundon WG, Cattoli G. Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021 May;68(3):1253-1262.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13779pubmed: 32770642google scholar: lookup
  5. Entenfellner J, Gahan J, Garvey M, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Response of Sport Horses to Different Formulations of Equine Influenza Vaccine.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Jul 10;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010107pubmed: 32664411pmc: 7563521google scholar: lookup
  6. FEI (2020) Vaccinations. https://inside.fei.org/fei/your-role/veterinarians/biosecurity-movements/vaccinations . Accessed 01 May 2020
  7. AAEP (2020) Risk-based vaccination guidelines: equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis). https://aaep.org/guidelines/vaccination-guidelines/risk-based-vaccination-guidelines . Accessed 28 July 2020
  8. Cullinane A, Gildea S, Weldon E. Comparison of primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza: working towards an evidence-based regime.. Equine Vet J 2014 Nov;46(6):669-73.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12214pubmed: 24237177google scholar: lookup
  9. Gildea S, Garvey M, Lyons P, Lyons R, Gahan J, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses.. Pathogens 2018 Apr 17;7(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens7020043pubmed: 29673169pmc: 6027538google scholar: lookup
  10. Gildea S, Lyons P, Lyons R, Gahan J, Garvey M, Cullinane A. Annual booster vaccination and the risk of equine influenza to Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2020 Jul;52(4):509-515.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13210pubmed: 31750956google scholar: lookup
  11. Gildea S, Sanchez Higgins MJ, Johnson G, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus - a practical approach.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Sep;10(5):433-7.
    doi: 10.1111/irv.12396pubmed: 27169603pmc: 4947937google scholar: lookup
  12. Thomson GR, Mumford JA, Campbell J, Griffiths L, Clapham P. Serological detection of equid herpesvirus 1 infections of the respiratory tract. Equine Vet J 8(2):58–65.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1976.tb03291.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  13. Hawkes. Complement-fixation (CF). In: Lennette EH, Schmidt NJ (eds) Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial and chlamydial infections, 5th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, pp 35–42.
  14. Gildea S, Arkins S, Cullinane A. A comparative antibody study of the potential susceptibility of Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred horse populations in Ireland to equine influenza virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 4(6):363–372.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00163.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  15. Mumford JA, Wilson H, Hannant D, Jessett DM. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of equine influenza vaccines containing a Carbomer adjuvant. Epidemiol Infect 112(2):421–437.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268800057848google scholar: lookup
  16. Newton JR, Townsend HG, Wood JL, Sinclair R, Hannant D, Mumford JA. Immunity to equine influenza: relationship of vaccine-induced antibody in young Thoroughbred racehorses to protection against field infection with influenza A/equine-2 viruses (H3N8). Equine Vet J 32(1):65–74.
    doi: 10.2746/042516400777612116google scholar: lookup
  17. Mumford J, Wood J. Establishing an acceptability threshold for equine influenza vaccines. Dev Biol Stand 79:137–146.
  18. Gildea S, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. A comparison of antibody responses to commercial equine influenza vaccines following primary vaccination of Thoroughbred weanlings--a randomised blind study.. Vaccine 2011 Nov 15;29(49):9214-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.101pubmed: 21983355google scholar: lookup
  19. RCoreTeam. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
  20. Heldens JG, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. Area under the curve calculations as a tool to compare the efficacy of equine influenza vaccines--a retrospective analysis of three independent field trials.. J Immunol Methods 2002 Jun 1;264(1-2):11-7.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-1759(01)00571-3pubmed: 12191504google scholar: lookup
  21. Cullinane A, Elton D, Mumford J. Equine influenza - surveillance and control.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):339-44.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00176.xpubmed: 20958927pmc: 4634605google scholar: lookup
  22. Kydd JH, Townsend HG, Hannant D. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: the virus and its vaccines.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):15-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.005pubmed: 16476492google scholar: lookup
  23. Mumford JA, Jessett D, Dunleavy U, Wood J, Hannant D, Sundquist B, Cook RF. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of experimental equine influenza ISCOM vaccines. Vaccine 12(9):857–863.
    doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90297-6google scholar: lookup
  24. Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Kokado H, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immunization with new equine influenza vaccine in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2018 Mar 2;80(2):382-386.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0538pubmed: 29237998google scholar: lookup
  25. Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R. Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares. Vaccine 19(30):4307–4317.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00131-1google scholar: lookup
  26. Goehring LS, van Maanen C, Berendsen M, Cullinane A, de Groot RJ, Rottier PJ, Wesselingh JJ, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Experimental infection with neuropathogenic equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in adult horses.. Vet J 2010 Nov;186(2):180-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.007pubmed: 19726209google scholar: lookup
  27. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018pubmed: 15993786google scholar: lookup
  28. Wilson WD. Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 13(1):53–72.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30255-9google scholar: lookup
  29. Burrows R, Goodridge D, Denyer MS. Trials of an inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 vaccine: challenge with a subtype 1 virus.. Vet Rec 1984 Apr 14;114(15):369-74.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.114.15.369pubmed: 6328728google scholar: lookup
  30. Mumford JA. Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) latency: more questions than answers.. Equine Vet J 1985 Sep;17(5):340-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02515.xpubmed: 2996877google scholar: lookup
  31. Mumford JA, Rossdale PD, Jessett DM, Gann SJ, Ousey J, Cook RF. Serological and virological investigations of an equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortion storm on a stud farm in 1985.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1987;35:509-18.
    pubmed: 2824770
  32. Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: the importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jun 16;143(1):21-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.010pubmed: 20202764google scholar: lookup
  33. Fougerolle S, Legrand L, Garrett D, Birand I, Foursin M, D'Ablon X, Bayssat P, Newton RJ, Pronost S, Paillot R. Influential factors inducing suboptimal humoral response to vector-based influenza immunisation in Thoroughbred foals.. Vaccine 2016 Jul 19;34(33):3787-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.068pubmed: 27269055google scholar: lookup
  34. Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN. Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the mare and foal populations on a Hunter Valley stud farm: are mares the source of EHV-1 for unweaned foals. Vet Microbiol 68(1–2):27–34.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00058-9google scholar: lookup
  35. van Maanen C, Bruin G, de Boer-Luijtze E, Smolders G, de Boer GF. Interference of maternal antibodies with the immune response of foals after vaccination against equine influenza.. Vet Q 1992 Jan;14(1):13-7.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.1992.9694319pubmed: 1574831google scholar: lookup
  36. Cullinane A, Weld J, Osborne M, Nelly M, McBride C, Walsh C. Field studies on equine influenza vaccination regimes in thoroughbred foals and yearlings. Vet J (Lond, Engl: 1997) 161(2):174–185.
    doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0546google scholar: lookup
  37. Paillot R, Prowse L, Montesso F, Stewart B, Jordon L, Newton JR, Gilkerson JR. Duration of equine influenza virus shedding and infectivity in immunised horses after experimental infection with EIV A/eq2/Richmond/1/07.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Sep 27;166(1-2):22-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.027pubmed: 23769636google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res 2023 Mar 2;54(1):18.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3pubmed: 36864517google scholar: lookup
  2. Barbosa JD, Lins AMC, Bomjardim HDA, Silveira NDSES, Barbosa CC, Beuttemmuller EA, Brito MF, Salvarani FM. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Myeloencephalitis in the Brazilian Amazon. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 23;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13010059pubmed: 36611668google scholar: lookup
  3. Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Oct 14;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10101718pubmed: 36298583google scholar: lookup
  4. Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ. Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines. J Anim Sci Technol 2022 May;64(3):588-598.
    doi: 10.5187/jast.2022.e30pubmed: 35709134google scholar: lookup
  5. Skarlupka AL, Ross TM. Inherent Serum Inhibition of Influenza Virus Neuraminidases. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:677693.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.677693pubmed: 34409085google scholar: lookup
  6. Alpysbayeva SE, Abdykalyk AA, Tileukhanov K, Abdimukhtar AR, Toleukhan AT, Sarmykova MK, Anarbekova AM, Shayakhmetov YA, Syrym NS, Nurabaev SS, Yespembetov BA. Evaluating the Biochemical and Haematological Safety of the Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum '8ZH' Vaccine in Foals. Vet Med Sci 2026 Jan;12(1):e70764.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70764pubmed: 41499477google scholar: lookup
  7. Gonzalez-Obando J, Jaimes-Dueñez J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Ruiz-Saenz J. Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza Virus Antibodies in Horses from Four Localities in Colombia. Viruses 2025 Jul 16;17(7).
    doi: 10.3390/v17070999pubmed: 40733615google scholar: lookup
  8. Schramm A, Ackermann M, Eichwald C, Aguilar C, Fraefel C, Lechmann J. Antibody reactions of horses against various domains of the EHV-1 receptor-binding protein gD1. PLoS One 2024;19(7):e0301987.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301987pubmed: 38995916google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.