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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association1991; 198(2); 298-303;

Prognostic factors and survival of horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma: 147 cases (1978-1988).

Abstract: Between January 1978 and December 1988, 147 horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (CSU-VTH). Diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of appropriate tissue specimens. Medical records and communication with owners, referring veterinarians, or both provided information regarding initial examination, treatment at the CSU-VTH, and final outcome. At initial examination, 123 (83.7%) horses had unilateral involvement and 24 (16.3%) horses had bilateral involvement. The nictitating membrane, nasal canthus, or both (28.1%); limbus (27.5%); and eyelid (22.8%) were most commonly affected. In addition to the ocular/adnexal location, SCC was found elsewhere in 14 (9.5%) horses at initial examination. Adequate follow-up (greater than or equal to 4 months) for examination of tumor recurrence and survival analysis was obtained for 125 (85.0%) cases. After treatment at the CSU-VTH, tumor recurred in 30.4% of the cases. Tumor location, multiple vs single tumors at initial diagnosis, and CSU-VTH treatment modality influenced the recurrence of tumors. Survival analysis revealed a good prognosis for horses with ocular/adnexal SCC. Although undefined, a conservative estimate of the median survival time was 47 months. Six factors (treatment prior to referral, tumor location, tumor size, single or multiple tumors, treatment modality at the CSU-VTH, and recurrence or nonrecurrence) were analyzed to determine their relation with survival. Treatment prior to referral, multiple vs single tumors at initial examination, and treatment modality used at the CSU-VTH did not influence survival. Tumor location influenced survival; SCC involving the eyelid or orbit was associated with the poorest prognosis. Tumor stage (maximal dimension) was inversely related with survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Publication Date: 1991-01-15 PubMed ID: 2004996
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the factors affecting the survival rate of horses diagnosed with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The study used data from 147 horses admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1978 to 1988. The paper concluded that the location and size of the tumor, along with its recurrence, significantly influence survival rates in horses. It was also found that horses with ocular/adnexal SCC generally have a positive prognosis with a median survival time of 47 months.

Research Methodology and Findings

  • The research was based on data from 147 horses admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a decade (1978 – 1988).
  • Each horse’s diagnosis of ocular/adnexal SCC was confirmed through histologic examination.
  • Information about the initial examination, treatment, and final outcome for each horse was gathered from medical records and direct communication with owners and referring veterinarians.
  • Unilateral involvement was observed in 83.7% of horses, whereas bilateral involvement was seen in 16.3% of cases.
  • SCC was found in other locations apart from the ocular/adnexal region in 9.5% of the horses at the initial examination.
  • Following treatment at CSU-VTH, the tumor recurred in 30.4% of the cases.

Key Factors Influencing Survival Rates

  • The location of the tumor, the number of tumors (multiple vs. single) at initial diagnosis, and the treatment modality used at CSU-VTH were identified as key factors affecting tumor recurrence.
  • SCC involving the eyelid or orbit was associated with poorer prognosis compared to other locations.
  • The stage (maximal dimension) of the tumor was found to be inversely related to survival, meaning larger tumors were associated with lower survival rates.
  • Treatment prior to referral, multiple vs. single tumors at initial examination, and treatment modality used at CSU-VTH did not significantly influence survival rates.

General Prognosis for Ocular/Adnexal SCC in Horses

  • Despite the factors influencing survival rates, the study concluded that the general prognosis for horses with ocular/adnexal SCC is good.
  • The conservative estimate of the median survival time for this condition was identified as 47 months.

Cite This Article

APA
Dugan SJ, Roberts SM, Curtis CR, Severin GA. (1991). Prognostic factors and survival of horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma: 147 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 198(2), 298-303.

Publication

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
ISSN: 0003-1488
NlmUniqueID: 7503067
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 198
Issue: 2
Pages: 298-303

Researcher Affiliations

Dugan, S J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University 80523.
Roberts, S M
    Curtis, C R
      Severin, G A

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / diagnosis
        • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / pathology
        • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / veterinary
        • Eye Neoplasms / diagnosis
        • Eye Neoplasms / pathology
        • Eye Neoplasms / veterinary
        • Female
        • Follow-Up Studies
        • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
        • Horse Diseases / pathology
        • Horses
        • Male
        • Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
        • Neoplasm Staging
        • Prognosis
        • Retrospective Studies

        Citations

        This article has been cited 13 times.
        1. Wotman KL, Chow L, Martabano B, Pezzanite LM, Dow S. Novel ocular immunotherapy induces tumor regression in an equine model of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023 May;72(5):1185-1198.
          doi: 10.1007/s00262-022-03321-2pubmed: 36367558google scholar: lookup
        2. Crausaz M, Launois T, Smith-Fleming K, McCoy AM, Knickelbein KE, Bellone RR. DDB2 Genetic Risk Factor for Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma Identified in Three Additional Horse Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2020 Dec 5;11(12).
          doi: 10.3390/genes11121460pubmed: 33291392google scholar: lookup
        3. Levitt S, Osinchuk S, Sandmeyer L. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2020 Jul;61(7):789-791.
          pubmed: 32655166
        4. Flores MM, Del Piero F, Habecker PL, Langohr IM. A retrospective histologic study of 140 cases of clinically significant equine ocular disorders. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020 May;32(3):382-388.
          doi: 10.1177/1040638720912698pubmed: 32207378google scholar: lookup
        5. Jeanes EC, Koll-Hampp S, Dawson C, Dunkel B, Tetas Pont R. Rhomboid blepharoplasty and cryotherapy for the treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma on the lower eyelid in a horse. Clin Case Rep 2019 Jan;7(1):40-46.
          doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1907pubmed: 30656005google scholar: lookup
        6. Sandmeyer LS, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2011 Jan;52(1):88-9.
          pubmed: 21461216
        7. Sandmeyer LS, Breaux CB, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Squamous cell carcinoma. Can Vet J 2008 May;49(5):507-8.
          pubmed: 18512464
        8. Sandmeyer LS, Panizzi L, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Squamous cell carcinoma. Can Vet J 2008 Mar;49(3):309-10.
          pubmed: 18390106
        9. Scheck JL. Treatment of an ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a stallion with atrial fibrillation. Can Vet J 2005 Oct;46(10):922-4.
          pubmed: 16454385
        10. Baptiste KE, Grahn BH. Equine orbital neoplasia: a review of 10 cases (1983-1998). Can Vet J 2000 Apr;41(4):291-5.
          pubmed: 10769765
        11. Quatember H, Nell B, Richter B, Rigler D, Dolezal M, Sykora S, Wallner B. Studying the Impact of the DDB2 T338M Missense Mutation on the Development of Equine Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Sarcoid. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 22;15(7).
          doi: 10.3390/ani15070911pubmed: 40218305google scholar: lookup
        12. Chow L, Flaherty E, Pezzanite L, Williams M, Dow S, Wotman K. Impact of Equine Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia on Interactions between Ocular Transcriptome and Microbiome. Vet Sci 2024 Apr 7;11(4).
          doi: 10.3390/vetsci11040167pubmed: 38668434google scholar: lookup
        13. Martabano BB, Dow S, Chow L, Williams MMV, Mack MK, Bellone R, Wotman KL. Intralesional interferon alpha-2b as a novel treatment for periocular squamous cell carcinoma in horses. PLoS One 2024;19(2):e0297366.
          doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297366pubmed: 38381740google scholar: lookup
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